Ethical and Socially Responsive Business Essay

Some of the key areas of Chipotle’s code of conduct that are of significant importance to the business is the integrity statement and the anti-discrimination, harassment and sexual harassment policy. In the Chipotle’s Ethics and Conflicts of Interest Policy of the Integrity Statement, integrity is about being real and being honest. It means doing the right thing even when no one is watching. That means that you should do the same thing when your manager or co-workers is around or if they aren’t around. No matter what, each of them must accept personal responsibility for doing the right thing. Whether that means when someone is around or not. It also states that they should not accept gifts from competitors, suppliers, vendors, potential vendors, or business entities with which they are conducting business on behalf of Chipotle. When accepting gifts: they should never accept a gift unless it meets all of the following criteria: (1) it is not a cash gift; (2) it is consistent with customary business practices; (3) it is not excessive in value (i.e., is under $150); (4) it cannot be construed as a bribe or payoff; and (5) it does not violate any law or regulation. If you are not sure whether a gift or proposed gift is appropriate, please discuss it with your Manager/Director, who may, in isolated cases, approve your acceptance of a gift that may otherwise have violated criteria (2) or (3). Each year, employees in management positions should be prepared to submit a statement disclosing any entertainment, gifts, or services that they or members of their staff have accepted. Any items that have been accepted must be reported at that time, regardless of whether they were previously discussed with your Manager/Director. Your Manager/ Director will determine if you may keep the gift, return it, or whether it should more appropriately become Company property. You should never offer, give, or provide a gift unless it meets the following criteria: (1) it is not a cash gift; (2) it is consistent with customary business practices; (3) it is not excessive in value (i.e., is under $150); (4) it cannot be constructed as a bribe or payoff; and (5) it does no t violate any  law or regulation. Just like when receiving gifts, if you are not sure whether a gift or proposed gift is appropriate, discuss it with your Manager/Director, who may, in isolated cases, approve your giving of a gift that may otherwise have violated criteria (2) or (3). I think that this is important when receiving or giving gifts because you don’t want to lose your job over something so small. It is also a good idea to have something like this written down because for someone who doesn’t know any better, it will help them out a lot. You may accept entertainment invitations, such as business meals, if they are in line with accepted business practices, could not be constructed as potentially influencing your business judgment or creating an obligation on your part, and if public knowledge of your participation would not embarrass you or Chipotle. When such business activities occur frequently, such costs should be shared or paid for on reciprocal basis. You should always be professional. Act professionally and conscientiously when making business decisions. Personal relationships should never interfere, or give the appearance of interfering, with business actions, judgments, or decisions. When making decisions, weigh all factors impartially and without prejudice and make all decisions solely based on merit. You should honor your agreements and do not encourage or interfere with other parties’ contracts or agreements. Avoid legal speculation or conclusions in your communications. And you should not discuss areas beyond your knowledge or expertise. This is really important because I think that you should act and be professional on any job that is out here. The Anti-Discrimination, Harassment and Sexual Harassment Policy states; Chipotle believes in the value of a diverse workforce, equal opportunity, and a workplace free of discrimination and all forms of unlawful harassment. Chipotle prohibits unlawful discrimination, harassment, and sexual harassment. Employees who violate this policy may be disciplined up to and including termination. Chipotle strongly believes that employees and applicants for employment should be treated without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, gender, age, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, veteran status, genetic information, or any other prohibited basis. This applies to all employment practices. At Chipotle, no form of harassment is acceptable. This includes joking remarks or other abusive conduct (including verbal, non-verbal, or physical conduct)  that demeans or shows hostility. Sexual harassment is also prohibited because it may be intimidating or an abuse of power and it is inconsistent with their policies, practices, and management philosophy. Discrimination or harassment of an employee-whether by another employee, supplier, vendor, or customer-is strictly prohibited. This policy I think is the most important because without this policy, so many people can harassed and scared to tell someone about it. Also the anti-discrimination policy is important because of the fact that a lot of women are discriminated against a lot of jobs out here because the mangers think that they aren’t fit for them. Some of the key steps that Chipotle should take to ensure that employees follow the code of conduct would be to have them read it when they are first hired. And then every 2 or 4 months they could give them tests on it to make sure they know and understand it. They can also make sure the managers are up to date on the code of conduct as well. Some ways in which Chipotle can engage in socially responsive activities in the community within it is operated. They can donate all their unused food to homeless shelters. They can do special deals for the senior citizens and for veterans other than Veterans Day. They can build customer relationships. They can do that by having loyalty programs. They must have good customer service or their customer’s will not return. Resources (1) Chipotle Code of Conduct (2) http://www.grouponworks.com/merchant-blog/marketing/four-easy-ways-to-build-customer-relationships-resturant/ (3) http://smallbusiness.chron.com/rules-conduct-resturant-employees-18671.html

Immigration to Canada

Immigration is when one leaves their country of origin and move to another. The topic if immigration has always been a very delicate subject. This is due to the many problems immigrants have had to face in their new country. Today issues dealing with immigration are not as bad as they were many years ago. Immigration in Canada was not as popular then as it is now. During the 1900s-1918 not all migrants were treated with the same respect and acceptance as others. Immigrant and potential immigrants had to face many hardships. Firstly, during the 1900’s-1918 the population in Canada was low; and the government started campaigning for people to come to Canada however there was much â€Å"red tape† as to who could and couldn’t come. Secondly, those who immigrated to Canada were unsuccessful as there was a big regional difference. Lastly, the Aboriginals also known as first nation’s people were not treated well. The Aboriginals rights were not kept, and they where thought of as bad people who did not matter. In the nineteen hundreds immigration to Canada was problematic. People migrate to a country because of its many pull factors. However a country like Canada in the 1900’s had as many push factors as it does pull factor. In the 1900’s Canada was not very populated, it was so under populated the Prime Minister Laurier was scared that the Americans would come and overtake their land. Charles Sifton was hired to ensure that the Americans did not become a problem. Sifton started a campaign known as â€Å"The Last Best West. † It is known to have caused one of the biggest migrations of our times. However as previously mentioned there was a lot of â€Å"red tape. † Sifton carefully chose applicants and many potential immigrants faced discrimination. Sifton wanted English people and since there was so much British people others were classifies as â€Å"too different. † These were the Asians, Japanese, Indian and Chinese. These people were discouraged from coming however, those who did come faced major racial discrimination. Unfortunately, when times got hard the English started returning home and many were discouraged from coming. Once again immigration problems got worst and the population really became a big issue. When people move to a different country they have to adapt to a new way of life. Immigrants to Canada, in the 1900 have found it very hard to adapt. This was due to Canada’s physical diversity. A major problem for immigrants was climate. Many people were not able to manage the brutal Canadian winters, and unlike know only clothing and fire would have been available to keep people warm. Another difference was the terrain, soil and natural resources. The English farmers were not used to farming in the extreme conditions many failed, also many could not grow their crops the same way as the soil and terrain was a different. Many people died, became sick or fled back to England. This caused problems for all who lived in Canada, as all the positives about the country were becoming deficient. One’s home is where the heart is and no one likes their home been invaded by strangers. As humans, when unfamiliar things enter our lives we tend to fight them. This is what happened with the aboriginal people in Canada in the 1900’s. The aboriginals land were been taken over, and they did not like it. At first the aboriginals helped the English and saw them as a great source of income. However, the government started taking their rights and they started to rebel against the immigrants. These cause the immigrants to flee and return home and certainly not with good things to say about Canada. In the nineteen hundreds immigration to Canada was problematic and unpopular. The country was under populated yet had strict rules about who could and couldn’t reside in the country. Immigration to Canada in the nineteen hundreds caused much racial discrimination, many deaths and left immigrants with many negative things to voice about Canada. However, not withstanding it still is for one to realize that even though Canada has had and still does have a very huge issue with immigration it still helped define Canada today.

Final Exa, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final Exa, - Essay Example Solution A is hypotonic; B is isotonic while that of C is hypertonic. In the case of the solution A, the celery cell will imbibe water molecule and bulge due to osmosis. In the case of solution B, there will be no change in the shape of the celery cell (Campbell, & Reece, 2005). This is because they are of equal concentration and water molecules will be getting into the cell and leaving at the same rate. Lastly, in the solution C, the celery cell will lose shape due to loss of water molecules from the cell-the surrounding is more concentrated than the cell with solute (Campbell, & Reece, 2005). 59. The genotypes of the offspring’s will be; pP-Yy, Pp-Yy, Pp-yy, pp-yy. The phenotypes of the off springs then will be 2 yellow and plump, 1 yellow and shrunken, 1 purple and shrunken. These phenotypes are demonstrated in that manner because P and Y are dominant genes and will always prevail. 60. One of the major environmental problems facing the world is the release of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere resulting into the increased global warming. The problem is much palpable in the heavily industrialized nations that embrace technology and machinery in large scale. The release of chlorofluorocarbons, methane, carbon monoxide and other gases regarded as greenhouse gases do contribute to the entire global warming. 61. Some structures are only found in plant and not in animals these includes; Cell wall, chloroplast, and cell vacuole. The cell wall helps in the maintenance of turgor pressure experienced by the plant cell when they imbibe more water. The chloroplasts on the other hand do help the plant with the provision of chlorophyll with is the sole light trapper for the process of photosynthesis to take place. The cell vacuole also plays a very important role in the maintenance of the plant structure. 62. The term biome is used to refer to the terrestrial habitats. In the Biome, the climatic systems tend to condition certain characteristics on the plant and

Chicken Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chicken - Case Study Example Problems The increased advertising expenses forced the company to increase the net price of the products. In the article, the writers Belch and Belch point out that in the past 10years, the company paid out most of its promotional spending towards consumers in Free Standing Inserts (FSIs) in Sunday newspapers containing coupon offers. As a result, many consumers were found purchasing tuna from local brands or a brand which was on promotion or which offered the lowest shelf price. Chicken of the Sea as well as other major companies faces increasing competition from local brands which are usually priced lower than the national brands. The company’s call for ‘reduction in media advertising and increased emphasis on sales promotion’, as well as the development of local label brands resulted in a change in power from manufacturer to the retailers (Belch & Belch). The profit earning margin on canned tuna has gone down as retailers demand lower price and more trade allow ances. A big question aroused; whether the company could afford to preserve Jessica Simpson, a rising pop star as a spokesperson for the company since her fame and reputation were at peak so was her remuneration too.

Statistics for Managers Class Discussion wk5 Essay

Statistics for Managers Class Discussion wk5 - Essay Example In business the population mean can be applied on a study using a focus group as a parameter of the whole population. He focus group can be used to sample new products and get reactions from the consumers. The population mean represents the true opinion of the entire population. During elections most opinion poll the voters predict the winning candidate this has been done for the major media houses to make consumers glued to their channels during heated campaign periods. Thus during the period the media houses make their money on adverts as the candidates use the polls advertise themselves on the weaker area of electorate. Most drug and pharmaceuticals company test their drugs on a certain focus group to test the curative and side effects of vaccine, cure drugs and cosmetics. Most recently GlaxoSmithKline and NewLinkGenetics were conducting focus group trials on Ebola virus; as a result of outbreak in West Africa (Daniel Flynn, 2014). Most consumer goods have a warranty, the risk of return of the product is calculated from the margin of error of producing a defective product. Daniel Flynn, R.-J. B. (2014, November 14). Exclusive: MSF should have called for Ebola vaccine earlier. Retrieved from Reuters:

Franchise business and none-franchise business Essay - 2

Franchise business and none-franchise business - Essay Example Block Real Estate Brokerage firm interviewed obtains its materials and supplies exclusively from the franchisor. One of the company’s managing directors interviewed asserted that due to the gap created by the ever growing demand for houses in the urban areas contributed to the development of the company specializing in real estate. Since different people have different tastes in terms of houses within which they would like to live, customer satisfaction is guaranteed by providing information on all types of houses to enable quick decision making. The working population formed the majority of urban dwellers who needed quality housing facilities and this was the rational for starting Block real estate brokerage firm (Cross and Miller 56). What started as Block Consultancy in real estate eventually turned into a full-fledged firm. The quick pace of developments was attributed to the vision and objectives set by the parent organization. Initially the organization only depended on a single individual to manage meetings with customers, persuading them to accept their housing brokerage services. With the ever increasing population the demand for housing facilities also increased leading to an increased customer base. This caused further expansion of its business operations incorporating technological advancements like the internet, phones and fax machines in order to effectively manage the business. The firm’s structure and size increased in order to meet the new demands. The benefits of a franchise type of business are that; (1) it requires less capital to begin than other businesses as it allows the company to grow capital invested by the individual franchise; (2) It also allows multiple units to be opened at the same time which are supported by the parent organization in terms of advertisements and other promotional activities; (3) such a business has a greater market because of the availability of the availability of the

Parliamentary System VS Presidential System Essay

Parliamentary System VS Presidential System - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that democratic governments are those that permit the nation's citizens to manage their government either directly or through elected representatives. This is opposed to authoritarian governments that limit or prohibit the direct participation of its citizens. Different types of political systems prevailing in the current world. Broadly speaking, based on the nature of functioning the entire political systems in the world can be classified into tow; democratic systems and totalitarian systems. Communism in China and some of the autocratic Islamic administrations in countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE etc are examples of totalitarian administrations. On the other hand, in countries like America, Canada, UK, India etc; democratic administrations are functioning even though these administrations differ somewhat in its core areas of functioning. Since the fall of Soviet Union and the subsequent fall of communist regimes in Easter Europe, d emocracy is gaining prominence in world politics. Parliamentary system and presidential system are the two major categories under the democratic political system. Judiciary, Parliament and Executive are the three major pillars upon which a democratic political system works. The nature of functioning of these three pillars would be different in parliamentary and presidential political systems. Canada, India, etc are some of the countries in which parliamentary democracy prevails whereas in America presidential system of democracy is in operation.... There are many other differences between parliamentary system and presidential system. Canada, India, etc are some of the countries in which parliamentary democracy prevails whereas in America presidential system of democracy is in operation. This paper compares the parliamentary system and presidential system taking Canada and America as examples. Differences between parliamentary system and presidential system In a parliamentary system, government cannot function against the will of parliament. Both the prime minister and his cabinet are accountable to parliament. They cannot function independently or without seeking the opinion of the parliament, while taking decisions and formulating policies. All the governmental policies should be presented and discussed in the parliament comprehensively before the implementation stage. Governments in parliamentary system cannot implement any policies without the approval of the parliament. In most of the cases, parliament approves all the bill s presented since the ruling government have majority in the parliament. In short, prime minister and his/her cabinet are accountable to the parliament in parliamentary democracy. On the other hand in countries like America where presidential system prevails, president enjoys slightly more power over the parliament or congress. American president has the authority to veto any of the decisions taken by the Congress, even though in most of the cases, the president functions in line with the decisions taken by the Congress. Since countries like Canada, Australia, New Zealand etc were British colonies earlier; the governments in these countries are functioning slightly differently even though

Convention of architecture Diagrammatic Transformation of Architecture Research Paper

Convention of architecture Diagrammatic Transformation of Architecture - Research Paper Example The paper also provides an explanation of the tradition of architecture’s orientation to the convention of the diagram. A detailed description of how this idea diagram has been critiqued through a manifestation in contemporary projects is provided. Finally, the paper provides theory analysis to stake a new position in the contemporary architecture field. A diagram is simply an illustrative figure that offers a general scheme or an outline of an object, devoid of representing the precise appearance of it, in order to show the shape and the relations of the different parts of the object. It is a technique utilized to help illustrate what people are thinking in their heads (Reynolds 11). Ever since the 1980s, the convention diagram has been the favored method for theorizing, communicating, making and researching architectural designs, projects and ideas. Therefore, the rise of diagrams, in preference to the model or drawing was a major novel development in the process of design i n the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Classical architecture is simply the architecture of ancient Rome and the architecture of ancient Greece, as well as the architectural style(s) influenced by those; it is the architecture of classical antiquity. Classicism in architecture stresses on geometry, proportion, symmetry as well as the regularity of parts as they are illustrated in the architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome. ... Figure 2: Diagram of the Parthenon The diagram of the Parthenon above illustrates how the way the Parthenon Frieze, in blue, ran around the architrave on the inner rows of the columns. It is of note that the frieze was a sequence of, bas relief stone picture carvings that show dissimilar people partaking in the Panathenaic Festival Procession. In regards to the tradition of classicist architecture’s orientation to the convention of diagram, various classical personalities such as Vitruvius, Philibert de I'Orme and Leonardo Da Vinci. Figure 3: Ampiprostyle temple and diagram of winds The figure above shows Amphiprostyle Temple. On the right is diagram of winds. Philibertde I’Orme: Architecture Rouen 1648. The diagram of winds figure resembles that in Vitruvius for perfect city plans, as well as the illustrious renaissance scheme of man as a measure of things by Leonardo da Vinci. It illustrates an obsession with the centralized plan. Figure 4: Vitruvius diagram of the wi nds Vitruvius who flourished during the late first century BCE describes 8 principal winds, although he noted that there are many other winds, though somehow dissimilar from the major 8 winds. He relates a list of 2 variations on either side of the 8 principal compass yielding up a wind rose comprising 24 winds. The winds are easy to draw since they are spaced equally at 15Â ° from one another. Other than wind direction, Vitruvius also used diagram to show town planning expressing his ideas of ideal city. Other than Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci also flourished as far as classicism architecture is concerned. Figure 5: Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci, 1490 Leonardo da Vinci’s

Castrol and Its Distributors Essay Example for Free

Castrol and Its Distributors Essay We had to undergo summer training in the corporate sector for hands on experience, where we get an opportunity to put into practice the knowledge gained during the entire first year. Hence, the organizational study was conducted at Shekar Agencies, Bangalore, for a period of 5 weeks. The organization was studied on an overall basis. The objective of our study was to: * Understand the structure of Shekar Agencies and how it functions. * Understand the different facets of the environment in which the organization operates. * Understand the culture of Shekar Agencies. Know about the decision-making processes in Shekar Agencies. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is known as  lubricity. 1. 2. 2 Manufacturing Process of Lubricating Oil Lube oil is extracted from crude oil, which undergoes a preliminary purification process (sedimentation) before it is pumped into fractionating towers. A typical high-efficiency fractionating tower, 25 to 35 feet (7. 6 to 10. 6 meters) in diameter and up to 400 feet (122 meters) tall, is constructed of high grade steels to resist the corrosive compounds present in crude oils; inside, it is fitted with an ascending series of condensate collecting trays. Within a tower, the thousands of hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated from each other by a process called  fractional distillation. As the vapours rise up through the tower, the various fractions cool, condense, and return to liquid form at different rates determined by their respective boiling points (the lower the boiling point of the fraction, the higher it rises before condensing). Natural gas reaches Crude oil distillation process A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics: * High boiling point. If one thinks of lubricants today, the first type to come to mind are mineral oil based. Mineral oil components continue to form the quantitatively most important foundation of lubricants. Petrochemical components and increasingly derivatives of natural, harvestable raw materials from the oleo-chemical industry are finding increasing acceptance because of their environmental compatibility and some technical advantages. On average, lubricating oils, which quantitatively account for about 90 % of lubricant consumption, consist of about 93 % base oils and 7 % chemical additives and other components (between 0. and 40 %). Worldwide, there are 1380 lubricant manufacturers ranging from large to small. On one hand there are vertically-integrated petroleum companies whose main business objective is the discovery, extraction and refining of crude oil. Lubricants account for only a very small part of their oil business. At present, there are about 180 such national and multinational oil compan ies engaged in manufacturing lubricants. The 1200 independent lubricant companies mainly concentrate on the manufacturing and marketing of lubricants and view lubricants as their core business.

Drug Addiction and Service Training Program Essay Example for Free

Drug Addiction and Service Training Program Essay The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law, RA 9163, also known as â€Å"An Act Establishing the National Service Training Program for tertiary level students, has three program components; Reserve Officer’s Training Corps [ROTC], Civic Welfare Training Service [CWTS], and Literacy Training Service [LTS] – aiming to enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth and developing the ethics of service and patriotism. Under the NSTP-MAPUA Office, which supervises the implementations of CWTS and ROTC, governed by R.A. 9163 of 2001, are MAPUA-CWTS and MAPUA-ROTC Offices. These two independent offices provide students a grading system, and different activities that endows students with theoretical and practical knowledge and experiences that are needed for community services. After finishing LTS/CWTS, graduates become part of National Service Reserved Corps; after finishing ROTC, graduates will be a part of Citizen Armed Forces. A human is a rational being, born free but are responsible for his own action, has his own identity for who he is, intrinsically a social being, and sexual in nature with uniqueness of expression – these are the characteristics of a person. Values are integrated in a person’s physical, intellectual, moral, spiritual, social economic and political aspects. By understanding the character and the definition of a person, maximizing these characteristics are crucial to be able to create a positive result in realizing his competence and ability. There are many opportunities that await each person, but blind enough to notice it. A person himself is best qualified in changing and directing his life for he’s always been given an alternative whether to do or not to do an act, and is accompanied by responsibility. Understanding Filipino values are very important in realizing how Filipinos behave and act, for these values serve as a basis on which every individual’s s trength in facing the challenges of life should be directed. The positive side of the Filipino values should be put in use and disregard the negative ones to be able to bring out the best in the Filipino society in general and the individual in particular. Each Filipino I blessed inherently by a set of values – value of respect for life, concern for the family and the future generations, value of truth, of justice, of equality, of promotion of the common good, and of concern for the environment. These values are in need to be awakened in order to serve as a vehicle and reinforcement towards our goal of realizing social change and progress. A group is defined as a collection of individuals with different personalities acting and interacting with one another in the process of living. Within a group, a leader or a set of leaders is/are appointed; the one who guides his members and possess certain qualities on effective leadership. John C. Maxwell‟s book entitled â€Å"21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader† helps people recogn ize, develop and refine the personal characteristics needed to be a truly effective leader that people would want to follow. For every group, decisions are made. There are different kinds of decision-making, for instance, having only one person to decide or having a majority vote. Difficulties are also encountered but there are some conflict resolutions and styles used to solve the problem. National security is the protection to preserve the nation’s physical integrity and territory. National security has an objective of defending the territorial integrity of the state and the freedom to determine one’s own government while, human security aims the safety and survival of people, shorthand for the same is freedom from fear of physical violence. It responds to ordinary people’s needs in dealing with sources of threats. Disaster is a phenomenon brought about by either natural or man-made hazards that causes great damage and suffering – for instance, in life and property. The community, composed of its people in a state or country, takes extra-ordinary measures on how to survive when everything we take for granted is gone, when structures we depend on have failed. Disaster preparedness is an activity which complies with the preventive measures, ensuring that the community is in a state of readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event in order to minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to property. Disaster management is a planned step taken to minimize the effects of a disaster. DRUG – any substance that brings physical, psychological, emotional and behavioral changes when used. There are many consequences when people use drugs; their behavior changes leading them to do bad things to others and their selves, and all sorts of health problems. Every classification of drug abusers – from experimenters, occasional, regular users to drug dependent people, corresponds to certain counter measures, depending on the degree of drug abuse. The Republic Act 9165, known as the Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002, is the one that deals on cases which involve the use of drugs.

The cause of the Six Day War

The cause of the Six Day War The immediate causes of war can be traced back to Soviet plotting. A large parade was planned for Israel Independence Day, but after some controversy, heavy weapons were not permitted in the capital. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and claimed that the reason was because Israel was amassing its army on the northern border with Syria. This information was quickly passed to the Egyptian president who declared a state of emergency and sent troops to the Sinai Peninsula. The claims were debunked but ignored and Egypt continues the troop buildup. In response Israel sent troops and tank companies to the southern border. On the morning of the May 16, the number of Egyptian and Palestinian troops in the Sinai had tripled overnight. Egyptian planes began a reconnaissance of the nuclear reactor in Dimona on May 17 prompting Israel to call up 18,000 reservists. War seemed imminent on May 18 as the Egyptian General in charge of the Sinai forces stated on Cairo radio The Egyptian forc es have taken up positions in accordance with our predetermined plans. The morale of our armed forces is very high; for this is the day they have so long been waiting for, for this holy war (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). By May 20 more than 80,000 Israeli reservists had been called up to active duty. On May 22 Egypt committed an act of war by blocking Israeli shipping through the Strait of Tiran. Israel made several attempts at diplomacy for the rest of the month and appealed to the U.S. for support. The U.S. rejected a preemptive strike but offered aid in returning access to the Strait of Tiran. By the end of the month the surrounding Arab nations had made several alliances and defense pacts, Israel now surrounded by 500,000 troops, more than 5,000 tanks, and almost 1,000 fighter planes (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). Israel received word that the U.S. could support a preemptive strike and the newly appointed defense minister, Moshe Dayan finalized the war plan. On June 4, the Israeli cabinet learned that France had issued an arms embargo on the region and once again the U.S. no longer supported a preemptive strike and also issued an arms embargo. The U.S. State department announced that Our position is neutral in thought, word and deed (Bard, The 1 967 Six-Day War). Never the less, the cabinet voted 12-2 for a preemptive strike that would begin the following morning. WAR The Israelis faced a war on three battlefronts, the borders with Egypt, Jordan and Syria. On the Egyptian front the Israelis attacked with unexpected force. The attack was two-phased, phase one was a simultaneous air and ground attack designed to break into the country. Phase two was designed to exploit the success of phase one and attack the remaining forces in the Sinai. Phase one was a complete success, Israel attacked with 90% of its Air Force inventory, more than double what Egypt expected. Additionally the air attack began not at dawn as expected but strategically at 0745 when most of the Egyptian leadership was out of contact in traffic. The air attack first concentrated on disabling the enemy runways then concentrating on bombers and MiG fighter jets before expanding the attack to include all aircraft types and strategic missile and radar locations. The ground attack was a threefold attack coming from the north, east and west. The battles were fought the night before and the morning of June 6 and by mid-day all the Israeli targets were captured. Israel had successfully broken through Egyptian defenses in central Sinai and severely damaged the rest of Egypts defenses. Phase twos purpose was to exploit the success of phase one but due to the rapid success of phase one many Egyptian citizens and even soldiers did not know the gravity of the situation. The Egyptian military chief, Marshal Amer was well aware of the disaster and was unable to maintain control. He began sending contradicting orders to the battlefront before he ordered a complete retreat. After a mere 96 hours the war in the Sinai was over (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). On the Jordanian front, Jordan had placed approximately 45,000 troops within the West Bank on 10 of 11 bridges into Israel. The morning of June 5 Jordan began an air attack on Israel and Jordan received false intelligence that Egypt had crippled 75 percent of the Israeli Air Force and began an invasion of Israel. Israel did not immediately respond but by mid-day it was clear that a war with Jordan could not be avoided and they began a counterattack. Israel began by recovering land lost that morning during the initial Jordanian attack and then began moving toward Jerusalem. At the end of the first day of fighting the Israel air and ground forces were successful in isolating Jerusalem. The next day Israel continued their assault on Jerusalem and by the morning of June 7 Israel took the last objective of the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. Israel continued into the West Bank and by that evening both sides agreed to a UN cease fire, ending the fighting and leaving Israel total control of Jerusalem and the West Bank. On the Syrian front, Syria had received false soviet intelligence claiming that Israel was preparing for an offensive. In response to the warning, Syria activated its mutual defense pact with Egypt and began deploying its troops along its 40 miles of border between Israel. On the first day of the war, Syria began air attacks on northern communities and attempted a strike on the Haifa oil refineries. The Israeli Air Force responded by attacking Syrian airbases. The next day Syria increased their attacks and sent two companies across the border. The attacking Syrians were held off by local defenses until the Israeli Air Force responded and pushed them back over the border. By the fourth day of the war on June 8, Syria accepted a UN cease fire but after only five hours they disregarded the cease fire. With a majority of Israeli forced currently in the Sinai and the West Bank, Israel had only taken defensive positions and had not begun an offensive with Syria. This gave Syria the false s ense of security in their positions on the Golan Heights. After achieving victory in the Sinai, Israeli resources could turn their attention to the north. On June 9 the Israeli Air Force began bombing the Golan Heights. By mid-day Israeli ground forced had crossed into Syrian territory. By the next morning, Israeli forces were approximately 10 km out of Quneitra and Damascus radio announced the fall of the city hoping to enlist the aid of the Soviets. However, the tactic backfired and Syrian soldiers in the Golan panicked and fled. By nightfall the fighting in the Golan Heights ended and the Six-Day was over. IMMEDIATE EFFECTS Immediately after the war the Arab nations continued to reject Zionism and vowed to continue to oppose Israel, they demanded no peace deals and no negotiations with Israel. On June 9 U.S. President Johnson offered his five principles for peace in the region. Despite the opposition from the other nations in the region, Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol agrees to use the five principles for future negotiations. Five months later the United Nations Security Council delivered Resolution 242. The resolution was carefully worded to act as a guide for negotiating peace. Shortly after the resolution was passed, Jordan and Israel recognized the resolution. Later Egypt also recognized their own interpretation of it, and continued to state that they would not negotiate with or recognize Israel. Syria refused to accept the resolution and declared it was only another form of occupation (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America). LONG TERM EFFECTS One of the biggest long term effects of the Six-Day War was the number of Arab refugees from the West Bank. Jordans decision to attack Israel caused many Arabs to flee the West Bank into the East Bank in Jordan. When Israel gained the West Bank many Arabs that fled were now homeless. Eventually most of the refugees were allowed to return and prospered due to increased economic growth. After the war Israel began to invest in the infrastructure of the West Bank and created policies that allowed Arabs to move freely over the border. Despite the economic prosperity in the region that lasted more than two decades, Palestinian leadership continued violent attacks that had led to increased Israeli security measures. Israel did eventually return the Sinai to Egypt, giving up many developed towns, strategic military positions and oil fields (Bard, Israel Makes Peace with Egypt). In return for returning the Sinai, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty that has been able to maintain peace for the last two decades. Despite progress with Egypt the other surrounding Arab nations continue hostilities with Israel, with the latest conflict beginning in 2008 along the Israeli-Lebanese border.

My Last Duchess :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A dramatic monologue is defined as a poem in which a single character is speaking to a person or persons- usually about an important topic. The purpose of most dramatic monologues is to provide the reader with an overall or intimate view of the character’s personality. A great poet can use punctuation and rhythm to make the poem appear as if it were an actual conversation. Robert Browning, known as the father of the dramatic monologue, does this in his poem, â€Å"My Last Duchess.'; The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker in â€Å"My Last Duchess,'; is portrayed as a jealous, arrogant man who is very controlling over his wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Duke of Ferrara was made jealous by everything the duchess did, no matter how unimportant it was. He was especially jealous of Fra Pandolf, the man who painted the duchess in the poem. A woman should be pleased only by her husband, as was not the case with the duchess and Fra Pandolf. She was â€Å"too easily impressed'; by the painter (line 23). Fra Pandolf was not the only man that made the duke jealous. Everyone who passed the duchess received â€Å"much the same smile'; as the duke (line 44). The duke expected to be the only man to receive a smile from his wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another aspect of the duke’s character addressed in the poem is his condescending attitude. Two times in the poem the duke needlessly told the names of the artists who created the masterpieces that he owned (lines 3 & 56). He felt superiority over the emissary he was speaking to by dropping these names. The duke addressed the emissary as a â€Å"never read stranger'; (line 6). Not only was it patronizing for the duke to call him a stranger, but he called him unintelligent too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third character trait of the duke is his controlling behavior. In lines nine and ten he told the emissary that no one â€Å"puts by the curtain'; that he had drawn for him but the duke himself. He felt the need to control who ever looked at the painting of the duchess. The main evidence of his dominating behavior is in line 46. The line reads, â€Å"†¦then all smiles stopped together.'; The line is ambiguous, but the most likely interpretation is that the duke had his wife killed. The poem can be interpreted in several different ways, but in all cases the duke is a very controlling man.

Alan Bennetts Talking Heads inspired my initial idea. :: Drama

Alan Bennett's 'Talking Heads' inspired my initial idea. DRAMA PRACTICAL =============== Our group comprised of Jennifer Harney, Jamie Hollaway, Antonia Forsyth, Nick Hudson and myself. Alan Bennett's 'Talking Heads' inspired my initial idea. I had imagined two seats on stage with two people portraying an unusual event. The other actors would then act out the narrated story. However this was not met with great enthusiasm and so was immediately dismissed. Our second idea was more stimulating. We came up with the idea of a failing band who were looking for new talent a la 'The commitment', and were holding auditions. Jenny was immediately taken with the idea and imagined herself portraying the role of director. We soon had discussed this idea to death and were no longer inspired by it but dreaded the thought of how we would bring it to the stage.. The end of the lesson arrived and we realised we had done nothing but talk and had rubbished all the ideas we had come up with. We repeated the second lesson in the same way, however it was a little more productive. We moved from the idea of a failing band to an actress who was finding it tough being at the top. However two problems soon emerged. The first was that we were coming up with fantastic ideas that would obviously only work on film, and not on the stage. The second was the lack of insight and excitement for all the characters, other than the star herself, leaving everyone else feeling worthless and unimportant; the group was starting to split- this was turning into a disaster. We were able to salvage this by the lifeline provided by Nick. Although his idea also contained many problems that needed to be discussed, we were able to recover the fading spirit of the group. During the third lesson we became worried that we not getting anywhere fast, so we decided to change our approach. We remembered that in earlier workshops, when we had been stuck for inspiration, we wrote down random words and then just improvised based around the chosen word. The first to be used was squash, after the second attempt I was reminded of the metaphor 'When life gives you lemons make lemonade'. Although this was a slight deviation from 'squash, nevertheless the group was inspired ands so we spent twenty minutes discussing the idea. We then realised our idea had, once again, dragged us back into the fatal area of discussion, which we were trying to avoid! The fourth lesson we returned we asked for the help of our teacher (Mrs. Curtis)- we were aware of the other group's developments, and

Find out whether or not congestion zones are a good idea

Are Congestion Zones A Good Idea? In this report I will be finding out whether or not congestion zones are a good idea, using researched data, charts and tables to back up my ideas. The conclusion of this matter relies on how accurate and reliable the information is. Congestion Zones are used in hope that traffic gets reduced. The mayor of London has recently put congestion zones into place in hopes they will reduce traffic by 15%. Critics of the scheme however, say that it is unworkable and unfair. They also claim it will probably lead to more congestion as people try to avoid the charging areas. Central London has had a dramatic cut in traffic since the introduction of the congestion charge. 40 000 less people are driving through the zone each Some people agree with the congestion charge, and can produce many facts to support their view. My source one can also provide many facts and figures. Source one says that since the congestion zone was put into place, traffic had been cut by 18%, and delays were down by 30% since the congestion zone has been bought in, the advantage of congestion zone was clear as the traffic was rapidly decreasing after the introduction of congestion zones. If the traffic is reduced then there will be no delays so not that much pollution released in to the atmosphere; which leads to climate effects for example global warming. The public transport in the city has improved dramatically by 20%, with 29,000 more people using the service- which will mean much more money towards its improvement. This also contributes to the protection of our planet against climate changes which can have social effects. If more people chose to use the bus or taxi then this would improve their health as they would walk and always go on separate cars. Source one also says that the streets of London were ‘clogged' and the heavy traffic on the roads were costing businesses approximately i2 million a week. Congestion zones are good because people only use them if they really have to, the evidence to this point is in source 1 when it states â€Å"there are 65,000 fewer car trips†, and so this means a cut down on gases being emitted into the air. So, less pollution. Source 1 also states that the costs that people pay are going towards the environment, new more environmentally friendly buses. As i50m is contributed mainly through quicker and more reliable journeys for road and bus users. This is also an advantage as the money is not going to the government but is used to help our transport. The news article declares that, Research, polls and surveys also shows that 75% of Londoners supported the scheme ‘because it works'. That factor that it really helps us as all of the congestion charge is kindly contributed to improving the public transport. Source 2 goes on saying that there research have shown that there was much urgently street works done with the help of this money, such as replacing ancient leaking water pipes. If congestion zones are reducing traffic by 21 per cent and 70,000 cars every day then it must really work. On the other hand congestion zones can also become a disadvantage. For my second source, I have a newspaper article from London Evening Standard news to support my point. In this source, Angie Bray sates that the rate of traffic rose to 2. 6 and 2. 7 minutes per kilometre. This is a disadvantage as if there is a high traffic rate then the will be more pollution caused than cars at normal speed. The number of cars that was entering the congestion zone has rapidly increased from previous years. The newspaper clearly states that â€Å"surely now is the time to start thinking about an alternative way to tackle congestion†. Evidently, the congestion charge did not really work out as the number of cars has risen. The local newspaper gave me evidence that congestion charge was a failure as it states that earlier this month their research has told them that traffic in the morning rush hour was running more slowly than before the scheme began. Angie Bray speaks that the charge has lost its main justification. Which is truly concerning as there is no change in climate. Congestion charge has a knock on effect on the environment and economically. Not many people will want to pass through the zone unless it's necessary, so they would find other alternative ways to pass the area causing more congestion in other roots. This effects the people around that area as they live in an atmosphere filled with bio-products. Thus, many would use buses to travel instead of their own cars. This again results in a disadvantage of congestion zones as there is more buses equals' huge amount of pollution made by one bus against 10 cars. Congestion charges can affect people and also businesses. This is because businesses have lost profits after the congestion zones were placed. As businesses need stock delivery which might need to cross the charging area which trails to extra costs, leading to lower profits. The workers might have to cross the congestion zone to go to work every day, resulting in quitting that job. This again affects the businesses to lose their workers. The evidence from source 1 supports my point as it states that 68% of retail businesses said the scheme would have been better without the charge. Source reliability can make all the difference, which is why I have picked three very reliable sources. My Source one is a report by BBCNEWS. I feel this makes it very reliable. This is because the BBC is a well-known and trusted organisation, backed by the government. The Source also includes exclusive interviews for the BBC by the mayor of the time, Ken Livingstone. This report was published on the 17th February 2004. Though this source is a lot years old, I think it is still reliable, because the evidence is still valid. The Source is very relevant to the question, as it provides facts supported and given by the government, but also includes opinions of Londoners. The Source also has validity, as it addresses all the factors that it claims to. My source 2 is as reliable as source one as it is a report from the local newspaper for London readers. It is well known in London so it is trusted a lot. This report contains exclusive interviews with Angie Bray. However it was published in 22th November 2007 as this means it are a couple of years old, so it is not reliable as this data is not up to date and might not be the case now. My source three holds a great importance of the reliability as it is reliable. This is because facts and figures form the article is as relevant and reliable. As it comes from a trust worthy newspaper article. Because the stats are from the government, they are going to be very reliable indeed, as they will contain no gossip, rumours or assumptions. Out of all my Sources; I feel that my Source two is most reliable. This is due to age, validity, fact, bias, author and the exclusive interviews. This Source shows both positive and negative points about the congestion charge. The congestion charge also has an impact on many other things, which I can place under Social, Economic and Environmental. The social effects are that the people that will be affected by this are local. It will mainly affect local, seeing as those in the area will either have to pay the charge, or they will be facing probable delays on alternate routes, due to the number of people trying to avoid the area. They will also benefit from the cleaner, safer air if they live around the congestion zones. If a person is caught up in heavy traffic their journey times will be unreliable, impacting on all sorts of thing such as family, work, health appointments etc. The economic effects are that for those that have no choice but to pass through the zone it is just adding to their payments. Not only do they have bills and road tax, but now they have to pay i8. 00 every time they need to get somewhere essential, such as my research shows some businesses are being affected by things such for instance stock delivery, which now costs the business more because of the charge. Finally the environmental effects are, obviously pollution plays a big part in the charge. My data shows that the pollution levels inside the zones are decreasing massively. With toxic nitrogen levels dropping quicker but still maintaining a normal level, it seems to be like the charge is working. As for the environment, if a vehicle is moving slowly or stationary, it produces more carbon emissions than if it moves at a normal speed. Thus, more global warming and other climate change which affect animals and humans. The other gases are released like sulphur dioxide, this will cause acid rain and damage the marble and other materials which costs a lot to repair. One of the negative effects of the congestion charge is its knock-on effect on the wider community; with people looking for new routes, surrounding areas could become clogged with congestion, and we would have the same problem all over again. To conclude, after considering all the evidence for both sides, I think that overall congestion charges are a good idea. That's not to say that it doesn't have its negative points though, because it does. The information that most helped me reach my decision was the data I found, and my source 1, BBCNEWS report. This is because I feel the health of the people will be improving, and you can't really argue with that. Also, the fact that the money is being spent on the public- which I think is a brilliant idea. However, like I have said, the congestion charge does not come without its negative points, such as: people paying a ‘double tax' when they have no choice, delays and congestion being created on alternate routes due to drivers trying to avoid the congestion charge area, and also, the fact that some businesses are suffering is something that I find quite unacceptable. So yes, the system does need some tweaking, but overall think it is a good idea that initially solves a problem. I think my conclusion is valid because I have considered all of the evidence and made an educated decision.

Hr Portfolio Essay

1.0 Research Synopsis In the current era people are considered the most important asset to an organization. In today’s highly competitive economy, placing the right people in the right position at the right time is very critical for the success of any organization. Job Analysis is the foundation for every employment decision made in an organization. Human resource professionals and consultants use job descriptions and job analyses as basic building blocks for many human resource functions, including recruitment and hiring, performance evaluations, and salary ranges (Levine, Sistrunk, McNutt, & Gael, 1988). Job descriptions and job analyses are essential to businesses. They help to ensure that the correct people are hired for the job (Brannick, Levine, & Morgeson, 2007). Therefore, it is important to see to it that job descriptions and job analyses are done properly and are thorough because the accuracy of these tools will in turn affect the quality of many HR functions (Fleishman & Mumford, 1991). Because job descriptions and job analyses are so important to HR functions, evaluating the quality of these two tools and how well they fit together is important. Job descriptions are meant to be developed from job analysis data (Brannick et al., 2007). It is also vital an HR manager focuses on aligning HR activities with the organization’s strategic goals as an organizational structure is developed through the HR planning process by the identification of positions to be staffed to support implementation of the organization’s strategy. This study illustrates the importance of conducting an accurate job analysis, the importance of it and a job description, the relationship between the two, and how it affects all other HR functions in an organization. 2.0 Job Analysis According to (Dessler, G. 2009) Job Analysis is the process of identifying the tasks, responsibilities and context of a role and the knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform them. It is a systematic exploration study. It is the procedure through which the duties of these positions and the characteristics of the people who should be hired for them are determined. The information gathered through the job analysis process is used to support the full range of HR activities. It involves determining the relative importance of the duties, responsibilities, physical, emotional skills etc. for a given job which then determine what the job demands and the specifications an employee must have to perform a job productively. This is then used for developing job descriptions and job specifications. 2.1 Importance of Job Analysis According to (Dessler, G. 2009) an organization structure is developed through the HR planning process by the identification of positions to be staffed to support implementation of the organization’s strategy. From this plan, the knowledge, skills and attitudes that employees will require to enable the organization to achieve its objectives can be identified. Job analyses are essential to HR because they are the means for the development of all HR functions (Bowen, 2003; Brannick et al., 2007). A job analysis can serve as the basis for many HR functions. These HR functions include job descriptions, job classifications, job evaluation, performance appraisal and training, and job specifications (Ash, 1988; Ash & Levine, 1980; Brannick et al., 2007; Levine et al., 1988). The details collected though a job analysis play an important role in controlling the output of a job. The main purpose of this whole process is to create and establish a perfect fit between the employee and the job. Job analysis also helps in the decision making of compensation, perks and incentives for a particular job position. It also helps in evaluating the performance and training needs of existing employees. This process is the basis of achieving organizational goals and objectives. 2.2 Steps in Job Analysis According to (Dessler, G. 2009) the job analysis process involves 6 steps: Step 1 – Decide how you’ll use the information, since this will determine the data you collect and how you collect them. Some data collection techniques – such as interviewing the employee and asking what the job entails, are good for writing job descriptions and selecting employees for the job. Step 2 – Review relevant background information such as organization charts, process charts and job descriptions. Organization charts show the organization – wide division of work, how the job in question relates to other jobs, and where the job fits in the overall organization. The chart should show the title of each position and, by means of interconnecting lines, who reports to whom and with whom the job incumbent communicates. A process chart provides a more detailed picture of the work flow. In its simplest form a process chart can show the flow of inputs to and outputs from the job you are analyzing. Step 3 – Select representative positions. There may be too many similar jobs to analyze them all. In such a case use a representative sample. Step 4 – Actually analyze the job, by collecting data on job activities, required employee behaviors, working conditions, and human traits and abilities needed to perform the job. Step 5 – Verify the job analysis information with the worker performing the job and with his or her immediate supervisor. This will help confirm that the information is factually correct and complete. This review can also help gain the employee’s acceptance of the job analysis data and conclusions, by giving that person a chance to review and modify your description of job activities. Step 6 – Develop job description and job specification. These are two tangible products of the job analysis. 2.3 Components of Job Analysis Job Analysis Job Analysis Job Description and Job Specification Job Description and Job Specification Recruitment, selection and induction Recruitment, selection and induction Job evaluation: wage and salary decisions (remuneration) Job evaluation: wage and salary decisions (remuneration) Training and development requirements Training and development requirements HRP and career development HRP and career development Performance assessment and review Performance assessment and review Job design, assignment of all duties and legal compliance Job design, assignment of all duties and legal compliance (Dessler, G. 2009) 2.4 Uses of Job Analysis Information (Dessler, G. 2009) states that these are the uses of job analysis information. * Recruitment and selection – Job analysis provides information about what the job entails and what characteristics are required to carry out these activities. Such job specification and job description information is used to decide on the sort of people to recruit, hire, to guide interview questions and choose suitable tests to select the best person for the job. * Induction –When a new person joins an organization he will need to be aware of its history, current operations, policies and procedures to be followed, leave requests, pay matters, health and safety etc. A job description will provide the necessary information for the HR management to design induction programs tailored for the need of each new employee. * Job design and productivity, job satisfaction and legal compliance – Job analysis and careful consideration of the way in which the tasks to be performed are arranged into jobs can provide challenging and satisfying jobs for employees while improving efficiency and productivity. Using the information gathered on performance standards and human requirements to influence the design of job assists compliance with law in relation to employment. * Performance assessment and review – Job analysis information enables performance standards to be established and agreed. When clear performance standards are set, rewards may be more easily linked to the performance and training provided to specifically address any discrepancies in performance. Performance review compares employees’ actual performance with performance standards established using job analysis data. * Remuneration – Job analysis is also essential for estimating the value of each job and appropriate remuneration for it. This is so because total remuneration usually depends on the job’s required skill and education levels, safety hazards, degree of responsibility and so on – all factors that are established though job analysis. * Training and Development – Job analysis is also used for designing training and development programs because the analysis and resulting job description show the skills and knowledge – and therefore training and development – that is required. If performance standards are not being met, and this is found to be due to the employee’s lack of skill or knowledge, programs can be designed to lift performance to the required level. * Human Resource Planning and Career Development – The organizational structure provided by the HR plan reveals the scope for employee movement within an organization. Employee development can be provided to ensure that skills, knowledge, qualifications and attitudes required for the future role are gained in preparation for promotion or transfer. This contributes to human resource planning in general and to succession planning in particular. 3.0 Job Description According to (Dessler, G. 2009) a job description describes the job in terms of the tasks to be performed, equipment used, conditions under which the work is to be carried out and the standard to which tasks are to be performed. It is a written statement of what the job-holder actually does, how he or she does it, and under what conditions the job is performed. This information is in turn used to write a job specification that’s lists the knowledge, abilities and skills needed to perform the job satisfactorily. 3.1 Components of a Job Description There is no standard format for a job description, but according to (Dessler, G. 2009) most descriptions contain sections on: * Job identification – This contains several types of information including the job title, the job code etc. * Job summary – This describes the general nature of the job, listing only its major functions or activities. * Relationships, responsibilities and duties – This section presents a detailed list of the job’s actual responsibilities and duties and the relationship the employee shares with subordinates, superiors and those below him/ her. * Authority of incumbent – This section defines the limits of the job-holder’s authority, including decision making authority, direct supervision of other personnel and budgetary limits. * Standards of performance – This states the standards the employee is expected to achieve in each of the job description’s main duties and responsibilities. * Working conditions – The job description section will also list the general working conditions involved on the job. These might include factors such as noise level, hazardous conditions etc. * Job specifications – This describes the type of person that would be best suited to the job, and the skills, knowledge, attitudes, experience and qualifications they would need to do the job. 3.2 The Uses of a Job Description The uses of a job description are essentially similar to those of a job analysis. However these are a few fundamental areas in which a job description is used for: * Performance management – It can be used to set measurable performance goals based on tasks, duties and responsibilities stated in the job description, and then train employees to achieve these goals effectively. * Training and employee development – A job description can be used to decide on possible job promotions as incentives for workers to improve their performance and career development activities. * Compensation – Job descriptions can be helpful in developing a standardized compensation for each position. * Recognition and rewards – Job descriptions can be used as a baseline for performance and as a tool to encourage employee performance. * Discipline – A job description can be used to illustrate that an employee isn’t adequately performing his/her duties and responsibilities. (Massad, 2005) 3.3 Relationship between Job Analysis and Job Description A job description is a general overview of what the job analysis found. According to Brannick et al. (2007), a functional job analysis can be used to generate the task and duties statements. Any work-oriented job analysis allows the analyst to discern the most important duties and tasks out of the job analysis to put into a job description. The job analysis allows raters to rank things like the goals of the job as well as the duties and tasks. When developing the job description, only the most important and most frequent of these duties, tasks, and goals are selected, allowing it to be an abbreviated version of what is found in the job analysis. 4.0 Job Analysis Interview 4.1 Job Analysis Methods According to the (Management Study Guide, 2008) , the most common methods of Job Analysis * Observation Method: A job analyst observes an employee and records all his performed and non-performed task, fulfilled and un-fulfilled responsibilities and duties, methods, ways and skills used by him or her to perform various duties and his or her mental or emotional ability to handle challenges and risks. This particular method includes three techniques: direct observation, Work Methods Analysis and Critical Incident Technique. The first method includes direct observation and recording of behavior of an employee in different situations. The second involves the study of time and motion and is specially used for assembly-line or factory workers. The third one is about identifying the work behaviors that result in performance. * Interview Method: In this method, an employee is interviewed so that he or she comes up with their own working styles, problems faced by them, use of particular skills and techniques while performing their job and insecurities and fears about their careers. This method helps interviewer know what exactly an employee thinks about his or her own job and responsibilities involved in it. It involves analysis of job by employee himself. In order to generate honest and true feedback or collect genuine data, questions asked during the interview should be carefully decided. And to avoid errors, it is always good to interview more than one individual to get a pool of responses. Then it can be generalized and used for the whole group. * Questionnaire Method: Another commonly used job analysis method is getting the questionnaires filled from employees, their superiors and managers. However, this method also suffers from personal biasness. A great care should be takes while framing questions for different grades of employees. In order to get the true job-related info, management should effectively communicate it to the staff that data collected will be used for their own good. It is very important to ensure them that it won’t be used against them in anyway. If it is not done properly, it will be a sheer wastage of time, money and human resources. Below is the constructed questionnaire prepared for research requirement. 4.2 Job Analysis Questionnaire The purpose of a creating a job analysis questionnaire is to gather information about a position in an organization, its duties, responsibilities, experience, qualifications etc. required for the vacant position. The responses gathered accurately represent the way the position currently functions. This, then leads to the development of a job description. Name: ____________________________ Job Title: __________________________ Company: _________________________ Location: __________________________ Department: ________________________ Job status: __________________________ Hours worked: _________ AM to _________ PM Reporting to: ________________________ * Can you brief me about yourself? * Number of organization’s you worked for before and position/s held? * How long have you been working as an HR manager in the present organization? * What is the field you specialize in within the HR department? * Number of employees and the levels you directly supervise at present? * Number of employees and the levels you are indirectly responsible for in the organizations? * What do you think your strengths and weaknesses * What is your job role as a HR Manager? * Are there any activities you perform that do not come within your job specification? If yes, explain. * What records and reports you prepare as a part of your job? * Do you have freedom to make decisions related to; Recruitment Health and Safety SelectionIndustrial Relations Performance EvaluationOther Training * Explain the extent of freedom you have in these areas. * Can you specify the key responsibilities as an HR manager in this organization? * Can you brief me about the day to day tasks and duties allocated as an HR manager? * According to your point of view, what do you think are the most important skills that you need to possess in performing your job more practically, professionally and efficiently? * Describe the personality of an effective HR manager to suit the current era. * What work experience and qualifications are required for an HR manager? * What is the minimum training / qualifications requirement for this job? Basic school educationBachelor’s Degree High School DiplomaMaster’s Degree College/ associate’s DegreeDoctorate Degree * What is your perception about how this job fits in with the other jobs in the organization? * Briefly explain the establishment of the company and the working environment in your department. * Have you done any tangible changes or specific improvements you have implemented to enhance the quality of HR functions in your company? If so, what? * Is there any particular HR activity that you desire to implement but have not been able to do for a certain reason? * What are the some of the challenges you face as an HR manager? How do you overcome some of these challenges? * What type of relationship have you built with the employees of the organization? * Do you deal with Trade Unions? * If so, what is the extent of pressure from them and how do you deal with them? * In comparison to other competing companies how do you think your company compares in terms of salary and rewards? * Do you experience any stress?Not at allSomewhatVery High * If your stress level is high, how do you handle the stress and pressure you face from the employees? * What are the job’s physical demands? * What are the health and safety conditions? * Apart from your salary what benefits and opportunities do you receive as an HR manager? * What is your personal view about the training programs implemented and conducted in your company and what is your recommendation for improvement if any? * What are your goals or plans to develop your department? * What is the experience and advice you can share for those following HR management? * What is the most enjoyable part of your work? Which HR activities are most satisfying to perform? * What are your personal goals? (Refer Appendix for the completed questionnaire) 5.0 Developing a Job Description According to the details gathered through the interview conducted and information gathered through the developed questionnaire, this is the prepared job description for the position of Head of Group Capabilities at Brandix. Position Title: Head of Group Capabilities Department: Corporate HR Working Hours: 8.30am to 5.30pm Reports to: Chief Peoples Officer (CPO) Salary: 200,000 – 250,000 Position Statement The Head of Group Capabilities is accountable for directing and evaluating the implementation of all the activities that come under the Learning and Development function, liaising with business partners for learning solutions, understanding business problems in order to provide appropriate training solutions and leading, coaching and mentoring his/ her team to perform the company’s annual goals. Key Accountabilities * Formulating Leaning and Development strategies and policies * Sourcing for strategic partnership for solutions * Formulating Training and Development plans based on Training Need Analysis Other Responsibilities * Training Need Analysis to be done through discussion with Strategic Business Unit leaders (CEO, Senior Director, HR Heads, Head of Departments) * Address knowledge gaps through the performance and preparing the employees for leadership roles and the organization for growth * Prepare monthly dashboards (includes training man days, training programs delivered, training budget utilization, dropouts etc.) * Prepare employee engagement dashboards (includes number of engagements of the CEO and senior management with executives) The candidate hired has the authority to make decisions regarding recruitment, selection and evaluate the performance for the employees in his/ her department. He/ she will be directly accountable for the team of four under them and indirectly accountable for the executive cadre (which includes entry level executives to the board of directors) and assisting the staff category of employees which consists of 2,000 associates. Core Competencies * Leadership skills * Good Communication and Negotiation skills * Strategic Thinking * Critical Thinking * Approachable and friendly * Good decision maker * Ability to work under pressure * Ability to motivate team members * Integrity * Ability to work with teams * Committed * Good listener * Adaptable Job Specification * Professional HR qualifications * A relevant bachelor degree or higher qualification * At least 8 years’ managerial experience in HR management 6.0 Reflections As a student following the Bachelor of Business at Australian College of Business and Technology (ACBT) it is part of our course structure that we take Human Resource Management as a subject. In this unit it is an absolute requirement for us to conduct a job analysis interview and prepare a job description as an assignment. As a possible HR professional to be in the future, I took this as a challenge to develop a comprehensive HR related assignment to help me in the future. The first was to conduct a job interview analysis. There are many methods to conduct one, through observation, interviews, questionnaires etc. However due to time limitations, my main focus was on the interview and questionnaire method. The first task I had to do was prepare a list of questions that I was going to ask the HR manager I was going to interview. The task proved to be quite challenging as I had never prepared a questionnaire of this nature before. Choosing the right questions to gather the relevant dat a was the most difficult. However with the help and guidance from my lecturer I was able to design a decent questionnaire. It consisted of a few multiple choice questions but mostly open ended questions. It was time consuming and at times frustrating but was a great learning opportunity nonetheless. I then made an appointment with the Head of Group Capabilities at Brandix Lanka, through a contact I have, for a job analysis interview. I was nervous at first, having never interviewed someone before but she was very pleasant and put me at ease immediately. She was also very obliging and answered all my questions to detail and further gave me insight to the general HR practices and procedures at Brandix Lanka. Initially when I had to start on this assignment I wasn’t fully aware of the importance of a Job Analysis. I was confused. However after a detailed discussion with the Head of Group Capabilities and being given full insight into how big a role Job Analysis plays into the role of all other activities in her organization, I am now enlightened. This also gave me the opportunity to understand the jo b analysis process. After gathering the data from the job analysis interview my next task was to prepare a job description. This wasn’t as difficult to prepare as I thought it would be, as I had gathered the relevant data necessary for it through the interview. Having being briefed about the tasks, duties, and matters concerning their Corporate HR department, this provided me with a better understanding to structure the job description well. I took the answers I was given as well and was able to compile a fitting job description. It took a few hours but in the end the result was satisfactory. A Job description and job analysis are used every day in organizations, and while research provides guidelines for what should be included in each of these and how each should be constructed (Brannick et al., 2007; Cascio, 1998), this is not necessarily what is done in practice. This study found that a typical job description for Brandix contains the components recommended by Dessler, G. (2009). Those components include: Title, location, summary, duties and tasks, etc. Through the interview conducted I could c ome to the conclusion that there weren’t significant differences between the job description and the job analysis. I found that the HR professional in charge of conducting the job analysis was thorough in including everything about the job in the job description. There were no gaps to be seen. This indicates that the HR department allows no gaps for mistakes and runs their practices effectively and efficiently. The findings of this research are important because job analyses and job descriptions play such an important role in HR functions. They serve as the foundation for activities such as performance evaluation, recruitment and hiring, and salary determinations (Levine et al., 1988). It is important to get a better understanding of what influences the job analysis process and look at where differences are in the job descriptions and job analyses On completion of this assignment I realized it has helped me achieve a professional knowledge on the major role Job Analysis plays in all HR functions in an organization including, HR planning, Job description, job specification, employee recruitment, e mployee selection, performance appraisal, HR development, training and development, rewards and remuneration etc. Furthermore I think it has improved my ability to communicate more effectively than before which is part of the learning outcome of this study, and be a professional in doing so, and it has improved my ability to generate ideas. I think this experience, interviewing a person in an authoritative position, has made me more confident in my communication skills and my understanding about the general HR practices in an organization. In concluding my reflection I would say that this study has shown me that job analysis in an organization is the primary task that sets a baseline enabling HR professionals to manage other job related activities effectively. The study also demonstrates the need for careful consideration on part of aligning the job description with the job analysis. The information collected by conducting job analysis plays an important role in controlling the output of the particular job which ultimately leads to the overall success of an organization. Employees are key to the success of an organization. Thus hiring the right person with the right skills, knowledge and attitude is vital. This can only be done through developing a suitable job description through conducting a thorough, accurate and effective job analysis. 7.0 References * Bowen, C. C. (2003). A case study of job analysis. Journal of Psychological Practice, 8, 46-55. * Brannick, M. T., Levine, E. L., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Job and Work Analysis: Methods, Research and Applications for Human Resource Management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication. * Ash, R. A. (1988). Job analysis in the world of work. In S. Gael (Ed.), The Job Analysis Handbook for Business, Industry and Government, I, 3-13 * Ash, R. A., & Levine, E. L. (1980). A framework for evaluating job analysis methods. Personnel, 57, 59 * Levine, E. L., Sistrunk, F., McNutt, K. J., & Gael, S. (1988). Exemplary job analysis systems in selected organizations: A description of process and outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 3, 3-21. * Dessler, G. (n.d.). Human Resource Management (12th Ed.). Global edition, 142-175. * HR-Guide.com. (1999). Job Analysis: Overview. Retrieved 05 01, 2013, from HR-Guide.com: http://www.job-analysis.net/G000.htm * Stone, R.J. (2010). Managing human resources 3rd. edn. John Wiley & sons Australia Ltd. * Jones, R. (2011). Managing Human Resource Systems (2nd Ed.).Pearson * Levine, E. L., Sistrunk, F., McNutt, K. J., & Gael, S. (1988). Exemplary job analysis systems in selected organizations: A description of process and outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 3, 3-21. * Fleishman, E. A., & Mumford, M. D. (1991). Evaluating classification of job behavior: a construct validation of the ability requirements scales. Personnel Psychology, 44, 523-575. * Cascio, W. F. (1998). Applied Psychology in Human Resource Management, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. * HR-Powerhouse.com. (2005). Job Description: Uses of Job Description. Retrieved 05 01, 2013 from: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/78506 * Managementstudyguide.com. (2008). Job Analysis Methods. Retrieved 11 01, 2013 from: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-analysis-methods.htm * www.brandix.com

Ester Hydrolysis

The Equilibrium Constant of an Ester Hydrolysis Reaction Abstract: The results from this experiment show four different Kc equilibrium constants of: . 1522 for bottle two, . 1853 for bottle three, . 2094 for bottle four, and . 2678 for bottle five. The average Kc value came out to be . 2037 for all four bottles. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine the equilibrium concentrations of an organic acid, an alcohol, an ester, and water in four bottles with varying measurements of each compound in of the four solutions.Once the concentrations are determined, one is then to discover the Kc, equilibrium constant, of those solutions by dividing the concentrations of alcohol and acid by the concentrations of ester and water. Methods/Procedure: First begin by mixing up and standardizing a 500mL solution of NaOH to titrate. For each of the six bottles, measure the directed amounts of ester, water, alcohol, and HCl. The bottles of different solutions will be left to come to equilibrium for two weeks.Once the NaOH is standardized, the solutions in the bottles have come to equilibrium, and a molarity is calculated, use the molarity of NaOH to discover how many mols were used to neutralize the solutions in each bottle. Once all of the calculations are complete, use an ICE chart to discover the mols of ester, water, acid, and alcohol at equilibrium to then calculate the Kc for each bottle. After a Kc has been calculated for all bottles, the last step is to determine an average Kc for all of the solutions. Calculations/Results: Grams of KHP needed: 7mol x 35ml x 1molKHP x 204gKHP1000ml x 1 x 1molNaOH x 1molKHP=5. 00gKHP Grams of NaOH: .7molNaOH x . 500L x 1mol 1L x 1 x 40g~14gNaOH Mass of dish: 1. 80g Mass of bottle 1: 17. 1145g Mass of HCl 1: 4. 8778g Mass of NaOH 14. 0g Mass of bottle 1A: 17. 3521g Mass of HCl 1A: 5. 2319g Mass of dish: 2. 0097g Mass of dish and KHP: 6. 0548g Mass of KHP: 5. 0378g mL of NaOH used to neutralize KHP: 1. 36. 90mL 2. 30. 80mL 3. 36. 40m L g of KHP: 1. 5. 0378g 2. 4. 2074g 3. 4. 9722g Molarity of NaOH: .6690M| 6689M| Avg M: . 6688M NaOH| 5. 0378gKHP x 1molKHP x 1molNaOH x 1 x 1000mL1 x 204. 2g x 1molKHP x 36. 90mL x 1L=. 6686M mL of NaOH used: 1A: 6. 20mL – 24. 90mL = 18. 70mL| 1: 17. 00mL| 2: 60. 54mL| 3: 58. 60mL| 4: 45. 55mL| 5: 40. 75mL| Ethanol: Water:Ethyl Acetate: Density: . 7893g/mL Density: . 9982g/mLDensity: . 9003g/mL Molar Mass: 46. 07g/molMolar Mass: 18. 02g/molMolar Mass: 88. 11g/mol mL of solutions in each bottle: Bottle #| 3M HCl (mL)| H2O (mL)| Ester (mL)| Alcohol (mL)| 1| 5. 00| 5. 00| 0| 0| 1A| 5. 00| 5. 00| 0| 0| 2| 5. 00| 0| 5. 00| 0| 3| 5. 00| 1. 00| 4. 00| 0| 4| 5. 0| 3. 00| 2. 20| 0| 5| 5. 00| 2. 00| 2. 00| 1. 00| Bottles 1 and 1A M HCl: 17. 00mLNaOH x . 6688molNaOH x 1 molHCl x 11 x 1000ml x 1molNaOH x . 005LHCl=2. 27MHCL x . 005L= . 01137molHCl .01251 molHCl Average mol HCl of bottles 1 and 1A: (. 01251mol + . 01137mol)/2 = . 01194molHCl Mol NaOH for bottles 2-5: .6688MNaOH x 1L x 60 . 54mLNaOH1L x 1000mL x 1= . 04049molNaOH .03919molNaOH .03046molNaOH .02725molNaOH Density of HCl: 5. 2319gHCl x 11 x 5. 00mL=1. 046g/mLHCl Grams of HCl and H2O: 1. 046gHCl x 5. 00mLH2O1mL=5. 230gHCl+H20 Grams of HCl: .01194molHCl x 36. 54gHCl1 mol HCl= . 4352gHClGrams of HCl and H2O – Grams of HCl: 5. 230gHCl+H2O – . 4352gHCl = 4. 794gH2O from 5. 00mL of HCl in bottles 1-5 Grams of H2O made + grams H2O given for bottles 2-5: 4. 794gH2O + 0. 00mLH2O x . 9982gH2O/mL = 4. 794gH2O 5. 792gH2O 7. 789gH2O 6. 790gH2O Grams to mols of H2O for bottles 2-5: 4. 794gH2O x 1molH2O1 x 18. 02gH2O= . 2661molH2O .3214molH2O .4322molH2O .3768molH2O Mols of ester for bottles 2-5: 5. 00mLester x . 9003gester x 1mol ester1 x 1mL x 88. 11gester= . 05109mols ester .4087mols ester .02248mols ester .02044mols ester Mols of acid for bottles 2-5: 60. 54mLNaOH x 1L x . 688molNaOH x 1molacid1 x 1000mL x 1L x 1molNaOH x 1= . 04049molacid .03919molacid .03046molacid .02725molacid Total mols of acid – mols HCl for bottles 2-5: .04049mol total acid – . 01194mol HCl = . 02855mol organic acid . 02725mol organic acid . 01852mol organic acid .01531mol organic acid Mols of alcohol for bottle 5: 1. 00mLalcohol x . 7893galcohol x 1 mol alcohol1 x 1mL x 46. 07galcohol= . 01713mol alcohol Ice Charts for bottles 2-5: ESTER (mol)| WATER (mol)| ACID (mol)| ALCOHOL (mol)| I: . 05109| . 2661| 0| 0| C: -. 2855| -. 02855| -. 02855| -. 02855| E: . 02254| . 2376| . 02855| . 02855| ESTER (mol)| WATER (mol)| ACID (mol)| ALCOHOL (mol)| I: . 04087| . 3214| 0| 0| C: -. 02725| -. 02725| -. 02725| -. 02725| E: . 01362| . 2942| . 02725| . 02725| ESTER (mol)| WATER (mol)| ACID (mol)| ALCOHOL (mol)| I: . 02248| . 4322| 0| 0| C: -. 01852| -. 01852| -. 01852| -. 01852| E: . 00396| . 4137| . 01852| . 01852| ESTER (mol)| WATER (mol)| ACID (mol)| ALCOHOL (mol)| I: . 02044| . 3768| 0| . 01713| C:-. 01531| -. 01531| -. 01531| . 01531| E: . 00513| . 3615| . 01531| . 03244| Kc for bottles 2-5: Kc=. 0 2855[. 02855]. 0254[. 376]= . 1522 .1853 .2094 .2678 Avg Kc: .1522 + . 1853 +. 2094 + . 2678 = . 8147 .8147/4 = . 2037 Discussion: A known error in this experiment with this data is the mass of hydrochloric acid measured for bottle 1. The mass was below 5 grams (4. 8778g) which threw the calculations off. To compensate for the poor data, an average of the two masses of hydrochloric acid was taken, and then the number of moles was found to get a better approximation of what the number of moles should be. Another possible error in this experiment was not having adequate time for the solutions to equilibrium completely.If the solutions had not fully reached equilibrium the equilibrium constant would be off for whichever solutions, if not all, that had not come to equilibrium. The Kc values were all approximately one tenth off of each other. In theory, the Kc values should all be the same which indicates that there is a high probability that the solutions had not fully reached equilibri um. In conclusion, the results would have been closer and more exact had the solutions had more time to come to equilibrium as well as if the mass of hydrochloric acid was closer to where it should have been.

Dramatic Technique in Death of a Salesman

Discuss the dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman. From a technical point of view, Miller was welcomed by those involved in the practical craft of theatre. In his plays, we find challenge and convention, boldness and caution, daring technical experiment and poetic dialogues. In Death of a Salesman , his new dramatic techniques- unrealistic setting, music, lighting, etc. -all generated a sense of mutation of old forms and conventions. Death of a Salesman concentrates on Willy Loman, an exhausted middle aged salesman, who has failed to realize his dream of economic success and is presented as being on the verge of a nervous breakdown. Failure also engulfs his wife Linda and two sons-Biff and Happy. The play is divided into three main parts, act 1, act 2 and the requiem. Each section takes place in the present day (spring 1949). Act 1-night time Act 2-various times the next day Act 3-several days later The play is largely a representation of what takes place in his mind during the last two days of his life. In fact, Willy’s reminiscences allow us to understand what happened in the past, and why things are how they are now in the present day. Miller says: â€Å"The salesman image was from the beginning absorbed with the concept that nothing in life comes next but everything exists together and at the same time within us. † The story is told on two different levels. There is a public storyline (realistic) which begins late one night and ends twenty-four hours later. Parallel with this, there is the private storyline (non-realistic) inside Willy’s mind, which like our own minds, does not always work logically and chronologically but mixes up memories and imaginings with what is actually taking place in the present. Miller was interested in expressionism but didn’t want to abandon the conventions of realism. He used, like O Neill, a dramatic form that combined the subjectivity of expressionism with the illusion of objectivity afforded by realism. The firm reality of Ibsen’s method remained, but it was banded with the dream sequences or flashbacks of past life existing in the present. In All My Sons and Death of a Salesman, Miller adopts Ibsen’s ‘retrospective structure’ in which an explosive situation in the present is both explained and brought to a crisis by the gradual revelation of something which has happened in the past. In theatre, expressionism has been defined as a mode of writing and production in which the aim is to depict inner meaning rather than outward appearance. For writers, this may imply the use of poetic or stylized language and symbolic characterization. For producers, it implies the use of non-realistic scenery and effects. In expressionistic plays like â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, the following effects are likely to be used: 1) The action may flow without interruption from one time period to another. More than one time period may co-exist. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† ,the audience see present and past action at the same time when Willy talks to Linda and sees the woman(past) in the same room, when he talks to Charley and Ben(his dead brother) at the same time. 2) The action may be presented as a dream or vision by one of the characters. In Death of a Salesman, this style is most obvious in the use of flashbacks or dream sequences . Much of the family’s history and past events are revealed through Willy’s flashbacks. This is done by narration, dream sequence and memories. All these scenes, in which we have flashbacks, start in the present and then the character only visible to Willy appear. Most of the flashbacks take place during the summer after Biff’s senior year at high school when all the problems began. Biff saw his father with another woman and lost faith in him. Before this, his father was a hero to him, now he is a fraud. These flashbacks explain the current conflict between father and son. We see the second flashback while Willy is playing card game with Charley. Here we see how the flashback appear gradually, usurping the present bit by bit . He is actually talking to the remembered Ben and the real Charlie simultaneously. When Charlie finally realizes that Willy is absent-minded, he makes an exit. Here we see Willy’s too much obsession of the past over present. Miller described Willy as literally at that terrible moment when the voice of the past is no longer distant but quite as loud as the voice of the present†. He didn’t see Willy’s internal sequences as flashbacks. Miller says, â€Å"There are no flashbacks in this play but only a mobile concurrency of past and present †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. because in his desperation to justify his life Willy Loman has destroyed the boundaries between now and then. † 3) The action may take place in more than one location simultaneously. In the kitchen when Willy starts talking to young Biff and Happy in the past, Linda enters the room and asks Willy about the car. 4) The Setting must be non-realistic or partly realistic. One part of the stage may be set with realistic scenery, such as the kitchen at Brooklyn in Death of a Salesman ,but this may have an empty open stage area in front of it into which a single piece of furniture or other item may be brought to suggest a location, or the area may be left empty and used for variety of purposes, such as:In the empty space, Howard Wheels on a table with his wire recorder and his office is rapidly set up. To create a restaurant, Happy and the waiter bring on the chair-table the garden at Brooklyn. The play’s setting contributes to the understanding of the theme. In Death of a Salesman, the realistic set is the backyard of a middle class family. We see Willy’s ‘small, fragile-seeming home’ with one dimensional roof, dwarfed by apartment blocks. Miller says: â€Å"An air of dream clings to the place, a dream rising out of reality†. The world outside Willy’s home seems oppressive and menacing, threatening to swallow up an economic failure like Willy. Here we see the use of stream of consciousness technique. The play begins and end in one basic setting, the Loman home and the flashbacks in stream of consciousness style presents Willy’s present dilemma that is closely connected to the past. Harold Clurman says: â€Å"The play dramatizes Willy’s recollection of the past, and at times switches from a literal presentation of his memory to imaginary and semi-symbolic representation of his thought. † Miller shows the contrast between Willy as a salesman and Willy as a man. Willy does not actually go back to the past. It is the past, as in a hallucination, that comes back to him. Each time when he is frustrated, guilty or accused by his sons, he will be in a dream and the past appears in his mind. It shows Willy’s unconscious desire to avoid pain and to repair the bitterness, frustrations and humiliations of daily life at the present. In order to use this technique more smoothly, Miller chooses Linda and Charley, to present the whole, complete Willy: what he was, what he is, and what he will be. Broken biff says, â€Å"Will you let me go for Christ’s sake? Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens? † The time shifts in the setting shows Willy’s stream of consciousness. The set is designed to minimize the boundaries between past and present. When we see Willy’s present, the characters follow the rules of stage direction, entering only through the stage door to the left. When Willy visits his past, the characters openly move through walls. As Willy’s mental state deteriorates, the boundaries between past and present are destroyed and the two start to exist in parallel. So the stage setting expresses Willy’s divided consciousness as the reality of the house walls can be breached. The transparency of the setting represents the fragility of Willy’s hold on reality. Miller sees Willy as living â€Å"at the terrible moment when the voice of the past is no longer distant but quite as loud as the voice of the present. † Miller uses the lighting so that the scenes could change much faster and without the actors leaving the stage. The lighting reflects the basic mood of each act and shows the ‘mobile concurrency of past and present’. It keeps moving from one scene to another scene-The light on Willy and Linda‘s bedroom fades down when the scene ends and the light comes up on the boys bedroom for another scene. ‘A blue light of sky’ falls upon the house. The surrounding area shows ‘an angry glow of orange’, symbolizing the anger of the helpless middle class people in a money minded society. The light in past scenes is brighter than the present scene. It means that past was far better for Willy than present. In an expressionistic drama, music and light might be used to indicate a character’s state of mind. Here music is a contrivance for the dissolution of time and distance limitations. Biff and Happy, dressed in high school football sweaters, are accompanied with the ‘gay music of the boys’. The melody of flute at the beginning evokes the spacious area of old west, where Willy’s father, an inventor, sold flutes . It symbolizes a lost freedom and a lost ideal. When Willy claims to be ‘tired to the death’, the flute fades away, as if unable to cope with the pain of Willy. When Willy commits suicide, Miller says: â€Å"As the car speeds off, the music crashes down in a frenzy of sound, which becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello’s string. † By using the form of confession, Miller makes us think about, who is to blame? Why is biff at the age of thirty four a failure? Why biff and happy still wonder? Symbolism is another feature of expressionism. Linda’s mending of stocking, flute song displaced by childish nonsense from a wire recorder, wife’s praise erased by a whore’s laughter etc, are some beautiful symbols. Willy, the symbol of average American citizen, is trapped by the money-grabbing American society. The planting of seeds symbolize Willy’s meaningless attempt to leave something positive for his sons. One athletic trophy symbolizes the fragment of Loman family’s dream. Here we see that the real characters like Biff, Happy, and Charley can’t fulfill Willy’s expectations. On the other hand, the imaginary presences or the characters from the past are ideal, heroic figures who embody Willy’s unfulfilled dream. Here we see subjective characterization. We find a strong imagery when Willy says, â€Å"the woods are burning. † Willy's brother Ben compares the process of success-building to entering a jungle. Ben says: â€Å"When I was I was seventeen, I walked into the jungle and when I was twenty-one I walked out†¦ And by God I was rich! The jungle was the locale of Ben's success, but for Willy, the forest is burning and there is little time left. The burning woods image is symbolic of Willy's feeling that he cannot bear the pressure of time, debts, human relationships. Even the apartment buildings in his neighborhood are closing in on him. He wants to commit suicide. When Willy’s mind wanders back to the happy days of his sons’ youth, the entire house and surroundings become covered with leaves. The present time is marked by the disappearance of these leaves. After Willy’s death, â€Å"The leaves of day are appearing over everything†. We find dialogues of typical New Yorkers, realistic, full of repetition, hesitations and contradictions. The language of stage direction, dialogue of the characters are very poetic. Willy says: â€Å"Funny you know? After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. † The title, the use of the requiem and Willy’s dialogue everything foreshadow Willy’s death. We also find dramatic irony. Willy portrays himself as being at the top of his game in sales with countless admirers, after thirty years of experience. The biggest irony lies in the fact that at his funeral, nobody except his family members and Charley were present. So the dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman impresses us as a theatrical triumph and provides us a new example of modern tragedy Miller didn’t use either the timeswitch or the mixture of realist and expressionist technique simply for their own sakes . Actually, this was the best way to tell the story with the minimum of delay and repetition. Naturally, to be touched by the play and to realize it thoroughly are two different things.