Questions On The Practice Of The Midwifery - 1434 Words

Task A (1.1, 1.2) Framing Questions for Research The aim of the task is to be able to demonstrate sustained focus on investigatory questions while using a range of sources. Therefore this task will emphasize on midwifery as a specific career option and produced questionnaire of 5 question as to why students of the class as chosen Midwifery as a career path. Questionnaire template: 1. Why have you decided to choose midwifery as your career path? 2. What is the role of a midwife? 3. How would you recognise and cope with stress while training to become a midwife? 4. Why do you think you would be a good midwife? 5. Why should you be given a place on the midwifery course? Task B (2.1) Reading Techniques Question 1 Within this task the aim is to research 5 specific courses for a UCAS application. By using reading techniques such as; summarising, skimming, scanning, reviewing and reading material, which would enable the facilitation of explicit meaning from the reading text on individual course. List of what would be including into the table †¢ University †¢ Course Title and Qualification †¢ Course Code †¢ Entry Requirement Universities Course Title and Qualification Course Code Entry Requirement City, University of London (http://www.city.ac.uk/) Midwifery BSc (Hons) B715 Requirements is Access to HE Diploma in the following Health or Social Care, Midwifery or Nursing with 45 credits at level 3 thisShow MoreRelatedThe Attributes of a Registered Nurse807 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1: What attributes are important for a registered nurse to have, and why are they important? According to Mason, Isaacs and Colby (2011, p. 11), provision of care in the field of nursing requires comprehensive nursing expertise, critical thinking, sound clinical judgement and a holistic overview of health. Registered nurses need to possess a combination of key attributes when providing care, because these attributes play a significant role in enhancing positive outcomes, not only for theRead MoreNurses Are The Traditional Care Providers For Mothers And Infants Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagescare providers for mothers and infants. They provide support so that a woman s pregnancy is healthy and the have optimal births and that they recover during the postpartum period. Midwifery is a woman-centered empowering model of maternity care that is utilized in all of the countries of the world. Midwives practice in private homes or clinics or birth centers. Countries that utilize midwives as primary health care providers are countries in which the mother and the infant fare best. The U.S. ranksRead MoreBecoming a Nurse or Midwife Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion # 1 What attributes are important for a registered nurse to have and why are they important? A Registered nurse is strongly committed to provide meticulous optimum care to the client. Every nurse has to have the attitude of caring, patience and dedication. Being autonomous in nursing is very important while making decisions and practice and which can be obtained by continual education. According to Potter and Perry (eds 2009), Accountability refers to responsibility of the nurseRead MoreWho Is The Registered Nurse Standards For Practice?1614 Words   |  7 Pagescare possible from that facility. Registered Nurses have a major responsibility to ensure that this is achieved. To help guide nurses and other healthcare workers in the right direction, the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia created and enforced the â€Å"Registered Nurse Standards for Practice†. These standards aim to assist healthcare practitioners in providing high quality and safe care to every client. The standards also aim to prevent any form of harm or negative consequence to the patientR ead MoreUnit 18 Working In A Health Sector888 Words   |  3 Pagestwo different job roles and investigate the health care sector. The job roles I have chosen are midwifery and mental health worker. For each job role I am going to explain the following requirements: Education and training Duties Knowledge and understanding Practical skills Personal qualities Midwifery As there are no national minimum academic entry requirements for entry into pre-registration midwifery degrees, each higher education institution running courses sets its own criteria, however, higherRead MoreMiracle Of Birth : A Baby s First Breath986 Words   |  4 Pagesthan 5,000 Certified Nurse-Midwives in the United States who attend approximately 150,000 births annually, primarily in hospitals†(History of Midwifery in the US). Midwives also have relationships with an OB in case of difficulties during labor. Many CNMs (certified nurse-midwife) will work in different practices, either with physicians in a group practice or at a hospital depending on the facility and its policies. Midwives attend to different needs of the mother. Such as emotional and physicalRead MoreAdolescent and Predictable and Unpredictable Elenents of This Transition and Associated Life-Stage1065 Words   |  5 Pagesus by responding and using reflective thoughts to enhance the important aspects in society (Lauder et al 2004). And qualified nurses, acknowledge and understanding is essential for their practice to remain current, continuous improvement in reflecting on our thoughts, and what we do becomes Habitual to our practice (usher et al 2008). It is a necessity for nurses to use critical thinking as it helps gather relevant information to assist practitioners in examining assumptions and identify relationshipsRead MoreThe s Midwifery Care At Hospital Based Midwifery Experience1328 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a predicted midwifery workforce shortage (The Department of Health, 2013). To address this, the Australian Government has been implementing measures to support midwives to work to their full scope of practice including increasing midwifery care in community settings (Department of Health and Ageing, 2010). This research proposal aims to understand and interpret metropolitan hospital based lived experience of providing extramural midwifery care after hospital based midwifery experience. FromRead MoreProfessional Identity And The Healthcare Industry1540 Words   |  7 Pagesaccordance with codes of conduct. Standards, guidelines and codes of practice although similar, differ from profession to profession Within the nursing industry, there are various organisations and industries associated with the development of standards, guidelines and codes of practice. The Nursing Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) is the primary organisation that works to develop standards, codes and guidelines for the nursing and midwifery profession as well as registering nurses and nursing studentsRead MoreResearch Critique Research Paper1710 Words   |  7 Pagesnursing and midwifery graduates uptake of social media’, International Journal of Nursing Practice, no. 22, pp. 197–204, doi:10.1111/ijn.12411 Specific critique area Answer Explain the purpose of the study. Use the PICO or PICo format to identify the research question. (150 words) This study does not pose a clear research question, but makes a declarative question that identifies the purpose of the research as follows: ‘Do you use social media? A study into new nursing and midwifery graduates’

Slavery Was Not A Bad Thing - 1941 Words

In the mid 1800’s the use of slavery was growing really fast in North America. Most of the use of slavery was much more focused in the South than in the Northern part of the U.S. While cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice and sugar were highly produced and very popular in the South, slavery was still a number one priority. From 1820 to 1860 the population of the slaves drastically climbed from 1.5 million to almost 4 million. In 1845 James Henry Hammond who was a South Carolina planter and politician, wrote a letter to an English Abolitionist to show his opinions on what slavery really meant to him. In this letter he stated that the use of slavery was not a bad thing, he even mentioned translations from the Holy Bible and the Holy Scriptures. For example, he mentioned in the Holy Bible Leviticus Chapter twenty-five that says, you cannot deny that a â€Å"BONDMAN FOREVER† is a â€Å"SLAVE†; yet you endeavor to hang an argument of immortal consequence upon the wretched subterfuge, that the precise word â€Å"slave† is not to be found in the translation of the Bible. This example was used to help show how he used both Holy Scriptures and the Bible to help backup his statement on his own opinions toward slavery. In Chapter 13 The Slave South, there were 5 documents, they were titled Madison Heming’s Recalls life as Thomas Jefferson’s Enslaved Son, The Plantation Rules, Fanny Kemble Learns about Abuses of Slave Women, Nat Turner Explains Why He Became an Insurrectionist and lastly theShow MoreRelatedUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1295 Words   |  6 Pagesaftermaths of slavery. She does this by telling the story of slaves who were sold to unpleasant masters, showing slavery rips apart families and loved ones, and by showing how children - both free and slave - are affected by slavery. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin a main point to take away from the book is how the slaves were sold to unpleasant masters. At the beginning of the book Mr,Shelby sells Uncle Tom and Eliza’s child Harry to Mr. Haley. When you first read about Mr. Haley he doesn’t seem that bad but asRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1295 Words   |  6 Pagesaftermaths of slavery. She does this by telling the story of slaves who were sold to unpleasant masters, showing slavery rips apart families and loved ones, and by showing how children - both free and slave - are affected by slavery. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin a main point to take away from the book is how the slaves were sold to unpleasant masters. At the beginning of the book Mr,Shelby sells Uncle Tom and Eliza’s child Harry to Mr. Haley. When you first read about Mr. Haley he doesn’t seem that bad but asRead MoreFrederick Douglass905 Words   |  4 PagesNo one can argue the horrors of slavery. I always immagined that slavery was the worst thing possible that could happen to a person. .That was until I took this class and read the book about Frederick Douglas. As an assingment I was to write a paper and I had three topics to choise from. I was stuck between writting about the worst thing about slavery and what impact it had on what I thought I knew about slavery.I have watched many shows that depicted slavery as a harsh life. I have had blackRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Analysis876 Words   |  4 Pagesbrutality about slavery, not many people truly understand the hardships that people had to really face. In Frederick Douglass’s, â€Å" Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,† he portrays slavery in many different ways through emotion, fact, and first hand experience. The book is his life story going through the depths of slavery and persevering through all the bad until he insures his freedom. In the book he uses many different strategies that shows people the horrors of slavery through his literateRead More Does Phyllis Wheatley use religious references to warn her readers about slavery and sin and its repercussions?752 Words   |  4 Pagesabout slavery and sin and its repercussions? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the poem, â€Å"To the University of Cambridge, in New England†, Phyllis Wheatley suggest that she accepted the colonial idea of slavery, by first describing her captivity, even though this poem has a subversive double meaning that has sent an anti-slavery message. Wheatley’s choice of words indicates that her directed audience was educated at a sophisticated level because of the language chosen. Her audience was assuminglyRead More Slavery In The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course we learned about slavery and its effects on our country and on African Americans. Slavery and racism is prevalent throughout the Americas before during and after Thomas Jeffersons presidency. Some people say that Jefferson did not really help stop any of the slavery in the United States. I feel very differently and I will explain why throughout this essay. Throughout this essay I will be explaining how views of race were ch anged in the United States after the presidency ofRead MoreUncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe666 Words   |  3 PagesUncle Tom’s Cabin was valuable because it opened the eyes of American citizens to the harsh reality of slavery and proved its need for abolishment. Harriet Beecher Stowe proved the wrongness and cruelty of many southern slave owners by mentioning the splitting up of slave families in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. In the beginning of the book, Stowe developed the nasty and feelingless character of Mr. Haley, a slave trader. He decided to buy Harry from Mr. Shelby and wanted to separate the young child from hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1243 Words   |  5 Pages Frederick Douglass slave owner was his dad. This book is Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The author is Frederick Douglass of his narrative. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery he was working on the farm by age 7. His dad ( Fred’s slave owner ) whipped him as well as Fred’s mom. He was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland. â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containingRead MoreReparations For Slavery : Slavery1218 Words   |  5 Pages Reparations for Slavery? Harriet Tubman once said, â€Å"Now I ve been free, I know what a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing to go back and be a slave.† What is a reparation? A reparation is the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. The biggest question of time is should African Americans receive payments for slavery? Many people would say yes withRead MoreRhetoric Essay1230 Words   |  5 PagesMr. Douglass tells his life story. He was born into slavery and experienced many harsh realities that shaped his life. Frederick Douglass was a free black man at the time in which he told this story. He is writing to his audience to inform them about slavery. His claim is that slavery is bad and must be stopped. His experiences help form his rhetoric as a credible speaker; His use of pathos truly develops the negative emotional and physical aspects of slavery on s laves. Throughout Frederick Douglass

A Field Trip to Dell, Inc. Website Free Essays

This is one business in the United States where IT is the center of commerce, and people are in constant interaction with technology. Background Purpose The writer has made a field trip to Dell, Inc.’s business website early at around 6 am on the 7th day of August 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on A Field Trip to Dell, Inc. Website or any similar topic only for you Order Now    I chose this site because Dell, Inc. has basically been one of my favorite brands when it comes to computer hardware products like personal computers, servers, software, data storage devices, and personal digital assistants.   Dell manufactures even my PC, so instead of going to Round Rock, Texas where its headquarters are presently located, I used IT and the media to connect to the company and make a ‘virtual’ field trip. My purpose here is to evaluate five things: first, the purpose of the website; second, the assumed user profile; third, the psychological and social human habits that are reflected in their website design; fourth, the advanced technology or technologies that they use; fifth, the way media visitors interact with technology; sixth and last, whether the technology affects cultural and social interactions.   What I should be careful to observe are the physical and human environments that are good precursors of interpersonal relationship. Findings From my virtual field trip on Dell, Inc., my findings can be described as follows: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of the website is multi-faceted, although the overall function of the site is to inform people about their company, their business, their products, the events that they have, and the benefits of choosing them as a computer manufacturing company. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The assumed user profile revolves around high-tech visitors of big suburban cities around the world (the Western, most especially).   It appears from its website design that the major group of people that are being invited to enter are those that are from the middle age, middle class society mainly because of the simplicity of design, some picturesque views, and a group of middle-aged, middle class people that are shown interacting.   Business investors are also included in this virtual user profile. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The psychological and social human habits that are reflected in their website design constitute the concepts of simplicity, brotherhood, purity or creed (The Soul of Dell), being environmentally friendly, and the magnitude of technology. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The advanced technologies that the company use can be subdivided into the following categories: first, the high-tech marketing information systems; second, the ultra-modern system of computer product manufacturing; third, the use of digital equipment for customer and human resource management; fourth, the use of ‘virtual integration’ and ‘fast-cycle segmentation’;[1] fifth and final, the ongoing use, innovation and improvement of Dell computer and its digital technology. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Media visitors of the Dell, Inc. website interact with technology from the start of the virtual tour up to the end.   Each buttons that they use in their personal computers bring them to a different tab or window in their screens, and all these can be labeled as interactions with technology. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on my virtual tour at Dell, Inc. website, it is very obvious that technology affects cultural and social interactions.   Companies have the power to reflect cultural, social, and psychological views in the designing of their websites, in the laying out of fundamental ideas and codes, and in the types of information that are being shown. Conclusions Beforehand, it was my preconception that Dell, Inc.’s physical and human environments would only revolve around the higher-class society of the Western world. However, based on the front picture on their website, the city that is shown does not necessarily pertain to the Western world but any city around the globe that is high-tech and virtual.   From brown hairs to black, the only thing that is similar among the people that were shown in the web pictures was that they were all high-class and contemporary.   Human habits depict one that is globally interconnecting, with a concern for earth and brotherhood. This visit changed my views by revealing that IT does not simply interact with people as a whole but that it connects with every viewer by reflecting significant psychological and social human habits that are most appealing for a given time and environment.   As of now, the environment covers the global spectrum because we are in the digital age, and the only American emblem that we see is the small flag of the USA.   Technology has the power to affect cultural and social interactions by affecting interpersonal relationship at best. Speculation It is my speculation that cultural and political wars do not help virtual companies like Dell, Inc..   This is because the overall concept that is readily seen in their website is one on concord and brotherhood.   The company has to ignite a very positive aura in the media, yet with all these they should also be true to their country as well.   To be a virtual company is to be clever both in social and interpersonal relationships inside and outside the country. References Dell, Inc.   (2007).   Company: about Dell.   Retrieved August 7, 2007, from http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/en/home?c=usl=ens=corp~ck=mn. Magretta, J.   (1998).   The power of virtual integration: an interview with Dell Computer’s Michael Dell.   Harvard Business Review, March-April, 73-84. [1] This makes use of the most sensible timesaving devices, such as customer focus, supplier partnerships, mass customization, and just-in-time manufacturing. How to cite A Field Trip to Dell, Inc. Website, Papers

Imac Essay Example For Students

Imac Essay I have chosen to write my paper on the ever persisting topic of racism. I feel that while this is a very talked about topic in our society, I feel that in my family in particular it is often overlooked. My father is an old country boy who has not been around black people very much throughout his life, and it shows in his actions. He always makes racial comments around me and it upsets me greatly. I tell him about him, but he seems to just take it as a joke. I do not think that this is something to joke about. While a few years ago I could not say that I had many black friends, I can say that now. Since I have been at Urbana, I have made many friends many of whom are black. So I have a serious reason to take offense to my father’s comments. Racism has been around for many years. Not until the 1960’s did black people start to get many of the same privileges that everybody else had such as using the same public bathrooms as everybody else or getting to sit on a bus in any seat he or she chose. I am certainly glad that black people today do have, for the most part, the same privileges that everyone else has. Still there are a lot of racists that are trying there best to make sure that black people do not enjoy the same life as everybody else. These are the people that we need to eliminate. One group in particular that I believe needs to be eliminated is the Klu Klux Klan. These people have not just made racist comments towards black people, but have killed many people simply because of their skin color. Not only have they murdered many innocent people, they have committed many other acts of violence such as arson and rape. I believe that these people need to be eliminated from our society, not by killing them, but rather by sending them away to prison for the rest of their lives and letting them suffer. If someone were to kill them for the acts that they committed I consider that person to have the same type of problem that the KKK have. So I think that all remaining members of the KKK, who acknowledge that they are actually members of this sick organization, and have committed acts of violence towards other simply because of their skin color, should be locked away for the rest of their life. The fact that my Dad is a racist is something that bothers me greatly. I tell him every time that he makes a racist comment that he really is offending me and many people close to me. He says that he is just joking or sometimes he even says that what he says is true. This makes me really upset. I know that he was raised in this fashion, and he probably does not know any better, but I really wish he would change his way of thinking. Sometimes he makes me think that he is no different than the members of the KKK. I know he has never done anything to harm anybody because of their skin color, but I sometimes think that if he was given half a chance to do so, he would. This thought haunts me day in and day out. In conclusion, I think that racism is a very big problem in our society today, and should be taken very seriously. My Dad tends to disagree with me and consistently makes racial comments that upset me. He seems to think it is funny. It is not funny when racist groups like the KKK t ake people’s lives simply because of their skin color. I think people who commit crimes such as these should be locked away for the rest of their lives. I sometimes think that my Dad would not hesitate to act in this fashion, and that thought really bothers me. Hopefully one day he will change, as will all others who think in the same fashion, and our world will be one with racial harmony. .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c , .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .postImageUrl , .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c , .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:hover , .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:visited , .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:active { border:0!important; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:active , .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u493a5288482f105271c9945b5292be3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The GPS Technology Sample EssayBibliography:

Archimedes Principle Essays - Physical Quantities, Force

Archimedes Principle Essays - Physical Quantities, Force Archimedes Principle Lab Report #10 Archimedes Principle Purpose, Equipment Procedure, Data Analysis Group Discussion Conclusion Physics 2A Professor Lilit Haroyan 1 Table of Contents PURPOSE....................................................................................................................................... 3 EQUIPMENT................................................................................................................................. 3 PROCEDURE................................................................................................................................. 3 DATA ............................................................................................................................................ 4 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 5-6 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 7 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................... 7-8 2 The objective of this experiment is to investigate and test Archimedes principle by directly measuring the buoyant force acting on a submerged object. Also, it was able to determine the specific gravity for total 4 trials. A balance was used to measure the weights and a metal block placing on this balance. A container with an open spout was used to measure the weight. A beaker was used to contain water and weight. An aluminum can was acted as a ship. Sand was used to measure the weight of the ship and string was used to hold the metal block. [Part 1] Verification of Archimedes principle The rod was held up the balance beam and a string was tied with the metal block on the left side. The balance may not be calibrated yet, so calibrate the balance by making sure both sides were equal. Once the balance was equalized, a 600 mL beaker thats filled with water was placed on the opposite side of the string. The block with the string was placed into the 600mL beaker. Now that the balance was uneven again, some weights were placed to make the adjustment with the balance. Most importantly, the block was completely submerged in the water with the balanced weight in this procedure. [Part 2] Predicting the Load of a Ship A large beaker was filled up with water. The weight and height of a medium sized beaker were measured and recorded in the lab notebook. A line should be drawn at the 6 cm mark of the 3 medium sized beaker. An aluminum as the function of a ship was placed into the large beaker and some weights were added into this ship until it was reached up to the 6 cm marker of the beaker. This ship was removed from the water and measured how much weight was used to cause the ship to sink. Sand was put into the cup until the ship was submerged into the 6cm mark. Lastly, the weight of sand was measured. [Part 1] Verification of Archimedes principle exp Fb (kg) Wd (kg) th Fb (kg) E (%) Trial 1 0.0904 0.0853 .0054 0.00547 0.00547 2.41% Trial 2 0.0904 0.0820 .0084 0.00843 0.00843 0.36% [Part 2] Predicting the Load of a Ship H (m) Pw (kg/m3 ) Wth (kg) Wexp (kg) Trial 1 0.04357 0.033 0.06 1000 0.1616 0.153 5.0% Trial 2 0.04357 0.033 0.06 1000 0.1616 0.16019 0.87% This table shows the data collected during the experiment. Weights were measured in gram and converted to kilogram (kg). Height(h) and radius(r) was measured centimeter(cm) and converted to meter (m). Pw was described in gram per cm3 and it was converted to kg/m3 4 V. Analysis (Christian Dignos) [Part 1] Verification of Archimedes principle For the verification of Archimedes principle, the difference between the weight of the metal block in air and its apparent weight in water is due to the buoyant force exerted on it by water. The experimental buoyant force was calculated using the following formula: The Theoretical buoyant force, on the other hand, was calculated by measuring the weight of the water that is displaced when the metal block is placed on a can with an open spout. The volume that the block occupies on the can will match the water that is displaced. According to the Archimedes principle, the water displaced , should be the buoyant force: The weight of the open can was 15.45g, for which the displacement values are subtracted by to find the weight of the displaced water. These two values are then used to find the percent error of each individual trial by using: 5 [Part 2] Predicting the Load of a Ship For Predicting the load of the ship, The formula: was used to find the theoretical load of the ship. For the purpose of this experiment, all the values were converted to kg and meters for ease in calculation. Loading the values above into this formula, the value for was found to be: Trial 1 & 2: = (1000 kg/m)*(3.14)*(0.033^2)*(0.06m) - (.04357 kg) = 0.1616 The Experimental load, , was then found by weight of the sand loaded into the ship to the point where the ship is buoyant to the 6.0 cm height. The weight of the sand and the ship is

Character Essay On Eliza, Pygmalion

Character Essay On Eliza, Pygmalion A Character Essay on Eliza: Pygmalion The story of Pygmalion is based on a classical myth, and Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion plays on the complicated relationships in a social setting. Professor Henry Higgins takes Eliza Doolittle to teach her the art of phonetics and to refine her manners. Eliza was, at first a poor flower girl, but by the end of the play, is transformed so much, she is even mistaken for a duchess. It is obvious throughout the play that Eliza is changing in many aspects; the most obvious being her diction, for this is what the play is based on.In Act 1, Eliza is simply a poor flower girl who just happens to meet the phonetics professors, who decide to take her under their wings, to transform her as part of a bet between friends. Eliza is a very poorly spoken girl in Act 1, and Shaw uses the method of her pronunciation to spell the words she speaks.English: Anglo-Irish playwright George Bernard Sha...She also appeared very rude in front of the public. She said to The Moth er "‹ÂÅ"Ow, eez ya san, is e? Wal, fewd dan y'dooty"Â ¦' It was not right for a young girl to question a mother's ability to look after her children. She said to Higgins "‹ÂÅ"You ought to be stuffed with nails' this was a particularly rude thing to say to a stranger. She also interrupted people-particularly Higgins "‹ÂÅ"Let him mind his own business and leave a poor girl-' Females were still seen as the lesser sex, and a poor girl should not have interrupted a well-respected man. Eliza was far inferior to Higgins, in almost every way possible, this means Eliza should show respect for Higgins, and certainly not be rude to him.Eliza clearly had no money, and used any method possible to earn some...

Games & Leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Games & Leisure - Essay Example First, groups can pass on their cultural practices from one generation to the next through leisure activity. Elders in Aboriginal culture often teach special skills and the old ways to their children and grandchildren through leisure. Second, the use of leisure as a renewal of cultural practice can also lead to healing so often referred to by Aboriginal people. Aboriginal communities are often inflicted with many addictions and negative behaviors which have threatened their actual survival. Leisure has been used as a forum through which healing takes place, especially among the youth. Third, leisure activity can be used as an agent of interface between one culture and another. For example, ice hockey in Canada is often used by Aboriginal people to enter and learn the rules of the dominant culture. Additionally, these leisure activities are often a means for two cultures to interact and stereotypes can be broken down as a result of this contact. â€Å" (Reid and Welke) Historical evidence suggests that the sports and recreational activities are human activities which developed as men evolved with the passage of time. It is often argued that while defining a culture whether the play and recreational activities should become part of the culture or not. Culture is often been described as the expression of human behavior in its different modes of living and thinking and its every day activities therefore with that domain play and leisure activities are often considered as part of the culture. (Nakornkhet). However as the human evolution took place, the form of play and leisure started to differ according to the various cultures and communities within which different classes of human beings started to live. It was because of this reason that the different cultures evolved different kinds of play and leisure activities of their own. This work will undertake to study the play and leisure activities within Asian cultures however before discussing the issue a theoretical

Elementary-Age Students Identified with ADHD Receive Coursework

Elementary-Age Students Identified with ADHD Receive - Coursework Example Elementary-age students diagnosed with ADHD have behavioral problems that may result in their expulsion from the main setting in which they receive their education. Such behavioral challenges include forgetfulness, sleeping problems, and difficulty cooperating with other students. Such behaviors escalate as a child moves into elementary school, and for that reason, make it difficult to identify their appropriate main setting (Friend, 2014, 179).The results of intervention measures require considerable caution as few studies of intervention effectiveness have been completed successfully with young children. The best combination for young children has not yet been comprehensively determined and thus their main setting requires consistent and immediate feedback (Friend, 2014, 179).The federal government does not collect and publish data regarding the main setting in which children with ADHD are educated. Children with ADHD often have other disabilities, and hence, data from their disabi lity group does not compellingly determine their main setting for education. Students with both ADHD and a learning or emotional disability have to adapt to the least restrictive environment provision of IDEA. Even so, one cannot differentiate the application of this dimension of the law from the annual reports issued about ADHD implementation. It is ambiguous and makes it so difficult to determine the main setting in which elementary-age students identified with ADHD receive their education (Friend, 2014, 180).

Differences In The Treatment In The Financial Statements For Capital Essay

Differences In The Treatment In The Financial Statements For Capital And Operating Leases - Essay Example A capital lease is considered an acquisition of ownership once the lease is paid out. The lessee must record the lease as an asset. The four criteria that must be considered by accountant to record a lease as a capital lease are: The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee The lease contains a bargain purchase option The leas is equal to 75% or more of the economic life of the leased property The present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds 90% of the fair market value of the leased property (Weygand & Kieso & Kimmel, 2003, pg. 658). Weygandt, J., Kieso, D., Kimmel, P. (2002). Accounting Principles (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2. I think that capital leases are better investment options than operating leases. I compare the difference between an operating leases and a capital leases to the difference between been a renter and a homeowner. Companies that incur in operating leases contracts are throwing money away because they will pay thousands of do llars and will never own the equipment. Sometimes due to the nature of the project it is better to use operating leases. For example if a project has a completion elapsed time of 6 months, it is cheaper to obtain equipment using short operating lease contracts. 3. When you think about the criteria of having a leases for the duration of at least 75% of the useful life of equipment it makes sense that capital lease transfer ownership. The person that pays the lease will pay the owner of the equipment the majority of the value of the asset. I think the use of capital leases is a good way to add value to the balance sheets of a company. The equipment will increase the total assets account of the company. Since the balance sheet is based on the basic accounting equation it must balance itself out, thus there is need of a liability to be included in the balance sheet to offset the asset entry. 4. The four criteria you mentioned in your response are right on target. The first criterion of ownership establishes that a capital lease will lead to ownership of the equipment by the lessee once the contract is complete. A capital lease is similar to a contract to buy a home because the homeowner does not actually fully own the home until is completely paid. If the homeowner fails to pay his monthly payment for more than three consecutive months the bank could foreclose on the home and take back the house. The fair value criterion also completely justifies the ownership privileges in a capital lease. 5. Weekly Summary During week two of the course I learned a lot about accounting theory. The classroom discussion was very informative. I now clearly understand the difference between an operating lease and a capital lease. The week two individual paper cover some very specific accounting topics dealing with some unusual transactions. I use to believe that the inventory reflected in the balance sheet was based on historical cost only. I learned this week that companies make adj ustment to lower the inventory when the current replacement cost is lower. Another interesting accounting topic I learned during my research for the week two paper was that accountants can capitalize interest on construction projects. 6. The total inventory of the company at the end of 2009 was 282,000 units. Using LIFO the valuation of the inventory is illustrated below 10000 15 150000 22000 18 396000 250000 20 5000000 282000 19.67 5546000 The average cost per unit of the company at the end of the year was $19.67 per unit. If the company decides to purchase the 40,000 units at $17 before the end of the year the valuation of the inventory is illustrated below 10000 15 150000 22000 18 396000 250000 20 5000000 40000 17 680000 322000 19.34 6226000 The decision of

How Does Pdf Manage Bitmap Images Information Technology Essay

How Does Pdf Manage Bitmap Images Information Technology Essay Primary storage is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access, Primary memory storages are also temporary, were as secondary storage is permanent. For example RAM (Random Access Memory) is primary storage so when the computer is switched off or restarted the data that is being stored is wiped from the memory. Retrieved from the Computer Hope Web site: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/primstor.htm. Secondary storage on the other hand has data written to it so the data is permanently stored there. Primary storage is closer to the CPU and is mostly integrated onto the motherboard there it is faster when performing tasks, compared to secondary which is connected through cables. Primary storage is the cache and random access memory is as it is part of the central processing unit, this is the only memory that is directly accessible to the central processing unit. Instructions are stored in the primary storage in which the CPU continuously reads and executes wh en required. Any data that is actively operated on is also stored in the primary storage in a uniform manner. Secondary storage differs from primary storage as it is not directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary storage is the hard drive of a computer in which all the information that needs to be saved is stored there. Retrieved from the Computer Hope Web site: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htm. In the architecture of computer hardware, systems software networking, 4th edition, 2010 there are 2 definitions of what virtualization is. These are; existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form or name and created, simulated, or carried on by means of a computer or computer network. (Englander, I. (2010). The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software Networking. Pg 20.) These two explanations mean that virtualization is when you create something on a computer and simulate it. An example of this is virtual pc which is used on windows 7, this allows a person to simulate running an operating system and it will behave exactly as it would if it was a computers own operating system. This virtualization allows people to test programs on virtual versions of operating systems but within another operating system, this allows people to test programs to be able to make sure that their current programs are compatible. Another example of this would also be when using servers. Virtualization allows a server to make virtual servers that run independently so there could be 20 servers but they are all virtual therefore they would only have to be on one or two real servers. This is used to cut costs and to make it easier to manage a server as it is entirely virtual therefore it does not cost anything to run can reach at its potential efficiency. Englander, I. (2010). The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software Networking (4th ed.).** London, United Kingdom: London University Press.** The inputs to the home cinema system would be the cables that power the system. An input to the television and home cinema system would be the DVD player as that is sending data to the television to show the film on the DVD. Other inputs in the system would be the input from the reliever to the television. This is used so the television receives a signal to provide a picture on the television. The remote also provides and output into which the DVD player and TV would receive an input from the remote to control the components. The user can then decide what they want to happen on the DVD player and the TV for example what channel is on the television or the volume or navigating through a menu on the DVD player. The plug socket is an output which it inputs power to the TV and cinema system. The Television itself would be an output as it is providing the visual part of the system, whilst the speaker components are outputs as they provide the audio. Remote Cloud computing is the method of which data and applications are stored and accessed over the World Wide Web. Cloud Computing Defined. (2010). Cloud Computing Defined. Retrieved from the Cloud Computing Defined site: http://www.cloudcomputingdefined.com/. The idea behind cloud computing is that your data is stored and backed up on a computer somewhere in the world that can be accessed at any time. But you will not know where your data is being stored. This means that the users are unaware and do not know of any of the details of the applications use, for example where the hardware that is being used to store it is located. A PDF is treated as a file format so with the right software any person can look at the file. PDF also contains its own bitmap formats, object image formats and text formats which are all optimized for creating and presenting pages quickly. So because a PDF has its own formats so when a program opens it will display the file in the way that any monitor can view it, including printers as a PDF is a standard therefore each printer and operating system must be accustomed to that standard therefore allowing it to be seen consistently. Describe the format for storing, laying out, and managing the objects on a page. Explain the advantages to the use of this format over other formats, such as that used by HTML. The advantage of using PDF format over other formats such as HTML for storing, laying out and managing objects on a page would be that there are many algorithms which are used for compression which enable a faster and smoother file transfer, Therefore the application is much more flexible The advantage of using the PDF format over other formats for storing, laying out and managing objects on a page would be that they have many algorithms for compression which enables smooth file transfer. The application therefore is more flexible. Due to the compression techniques it is also more portable due to the smaller sizes that PDFs can have compared with something like HTML. Jenny Hamper. (2010). Difference Between PDF Vs HTML Retrieved from ezinearticles site: http://ezinearticles.com/?Difference-Between-PDF-Vs-HTMLid=3972193 A font in PDF is a description of a digital typeface which is a set of one or more fonts,. These descriptions can describe the characteristics of a typeface, but can also include an embedded font file. Font files that are embedded are based on commonly used digital font formats. A PDF will use character codes that are within text strings to map the current font using an encoding. There are predefined encodings that exist in a PDF which are universal and will work on any platform. A PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use which can be the fonts built in encoding. Any file which contains fonts are also collected when a document is saved as a PDF so all of the available fonts the user has are stored on a PDF which makes it easy for a PDF to show that particular font or show a font that is in the same family so there is some resemblance to the original font. How does PDF manage bitmap images? Object images? Describe at least three major limitations that PDF places on the end-user of a PDF document. One major limitation of PDF is that it cannot be edited once a file has been converted into a PDF then it cannot be edited as it is an image of a document. What are the criteria that define a Von Neumann architecture? How does the example of entering and adding two numbers illustrate each of the criteria? If the memory register for a computer is 32 bits wide then this computer can support 4gb of memory. This is because the memory can access 32 locations and each location has either a 0 or a 1 stored meaning there are 2 states at which the 32 bits can be accessed. Therefore 232 = (4 294 967 296) meaning that there are 4.3GB of memory available as there are that many different combinations. This means that a system with a 32 bit wide system can only have a maximum of 4GB as there is only a maximum of 4 294 967 296 different memory combinations. Volatile memory is computer memory that can only maintain memory if it is being powered by the computer. Non-volatile memory is the opposite of volatile memory in which it is computer memory that can retain information when it is not being powered. RAM would be an example of volatile memory because when a computer is turned off any information that hasnt been saved and is on the RAM is deleted. A hard drive (ROM) is non-volatile memory because when there is no power to the ROM the data that is being stored is kept even when there is no power as the data is written onto the OM so it is kept. Draw a flow diagram that shows step by step the process for converting a mixed number in a base other than 10 to decimal. Submission Deadline for submission is Thursday 16th December 2010 before 1200 noon. Submit via the Assessment Submission facility of IBIS. The title that you give to the submission should be CO4023 followed by your student id (If you need to resubmit, append A, B, etc. to the submission title make clear which is the latest version).

Dietrich Bonhoeffer :: essays research papers

Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a very great man. He did so much to help a race of people that he knew little about and that did nothing for him. He just did it because he knew it was the right thing. Also he did his best to over throw Hitler’s reign by joining different anti activist groups. Even though he did all this he still was a very educated man. He went to high-school and later went on to college. Later in his life he went back to that college to be a teacher there. He also did many other things like travel to the United States of America and become a Pasteur at a church in New York City.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bonhoeffer was born in Breslau Germany on February forth 1906. His father was a doctor who worked with Hitler, but not for him. This was when he was in jail before he came to power in World War I. Dr. Karl Bonhoeffer tried to deem Hitler insane while he was in jail. That was his attempt to keep him there in jail before he could hurt anyone. In jail Hitler liked to talk about what he was going to do when he became the leader of Germany. His ideas were of what later happened what he accualy did become a leader in Germany. His parents were not very religious, but they still distilled him with lots of values such as discipline, kindness and many others. These were some of the reasons that he decided to fight the fight he chose. Bonhoeffer went to an all boys’ school and later studied at the University of Berlin and wrote his doctor discretion at the age of twenty-one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dietrich did many things for a man who lived so little. First he went back to his old college, the University on Berlin to be a teacher. There he taught theology. He wrote many books, some of which were from jail when the Nazis imprisoned him. Books like Winderstand und Ergebung and Letters from prison were both written from jail. Dietrich Bonhoeffer had a great involvement with prejudice. Although he did not give any or receive any prejudice he still had a predominant role in it. He tried to stop it. He did his best to stop Hitler’s rule and his prejudice against the Jews even though he wasn’t Jewish himself. He joined groups that tried to assenate him but all his attempts on Hitler’s life were put to a stop before they could be executed.

Development of Criminal Mind: Nature Vs. Nurture

A number of studies conducted in many countries over the years have come to similar broad conclusion which clearly indicates that genes play a significant role in determining criminal behavior. There are of course no specific genes associated with criminal tendencies nor any specific set of genes that can directly code for criminal behavior is assumed to exist. Rather, a wide variety of genes acting in a deadly concert bring about various degrees and types of genetic predisposition to criminal behavior.The term predispostion indicates a potential tendency that needs suitable environmental factors to trigger it. Criminal behavior is caused both by environmental and genetic influences, and most often it happens through a complex interaction between them. Crime is neither genetically nor environmentally determined, but there are often strong heritable influences in criminal behavior as well as noticeable environmental causes. For example, adoption studies investigating the nature vs. nu rture issue in criminal behavior have found a surprising degree of genetic influences in criminal behavior.Less surprisingly, but as certainly, they have been able to identify the role of numerous adverse psychological and social factors in actualizing criminal behavior. The relative importance of heredity and environment in determining human behavior has long been a seriously debated issue. In the early decades of the twentieth century, for example, William James believed that our behavior is largely shaped by the power of instincts and inherited tendencies present at birth.Quite in contrast to James, John Watson, the founder of Behaviorism, believed in the power of conditioning, and the infinitely plastic human capacity to be molded by the forces of environment (Butterfield 2004). Although animal behavior can be easily conditioned too, it is heavily determined by the animal’s genetic programming. In the case of humans, the situation becomes complicated because of the presen ce of a superior intelligence. Humans are enormously impressed and influenced by their environment.They also can readily learn from their environment and adapt their behavior accordingly. Yet by no means can the hereditary factors be easily dismissed. It can be easily observed in day to day life that children with different genotypes react differently to the same environments and seek out different experiences. A child who is active and aggressive by innate temperament would obviously react in a different way, for example, to the parental commands such as â€Å"Do this† and â€Å"Stop doing that† than his sibling who may be more passive or docile.All of us have a general notion of right and wrong. But the criminal orientation of mind which tends to flout many of these accepted notions of right and wrong usually begins to form at a very early age in life. Heritability is an important determinant in a wide variety of personality factors. Criminality, along with a wide va riety of specific characteristic traits associated with it such as aggressiveness, impulsivity or novelty-seeking, is no exception (Ebstein & Belmaker 2002).A few decades ago it was believed that that genetics played no part in formation of antisocial and criminal behavior. However, a great deal of research work since then attesting to the fact that genetic factors are as important to the development of at least some forms of criminal activity as are environmental factors (Ishikawa & Raine 2002). Behavior-genetic research in the recent decades has attributed 25% to 75% of variances in many reliably measurable psychological traits to genetic differences (Lykken 1998).The notion of inherent badness or â€Å"the bad seed,† which apparently goes against many deeply held democratic notions in our society such as the principle of â€Å"All men are born equal,† would seem to be very difficult to swallow for the more liberal minded among us. Many of us generally tend to place the blame on poverty, parental abuse, poor child-rearing, or some childhood trauma etc, or at least used to do so before the current fad of placing everything on genes developed.The truth, however, is that although â€Å"the bad seed† is a very real factor to reckon with, it can usually grow only in a bad soil, perhaps additionally requiring deprivation of sunshine and rain (Zuckerman 2002). To date, there is already considerable evidence from twin and adoption studies of a moderate effect of genetics in chronic criminality. Two reviews have surveyed the available literature and found that with one exception all the 15 major studies indicate evidence for a significant element of genetic predisposition.It is remarkable that researchers in different countries and cultures have discovered compatible evidence (Eysenck 1998). Twin studies of juvenile delinquents show no significant disparity between identical and fraternal twins, thereby indicating a greater impact of environment over and above the effects of genetics. However studies in adult criminality show concordances for fraternals and identicals in the ratio of 1 is to 2, indicating a significant genetic predisposition.In adoption studies, evidence from one particular large study of criminal behavior in adopted children in Denmark has shown that there is a noticeable tendency for these children to pursue a path of antisocial behavior, unconsciously following the path of their biological parents (Steen 1996). A study examined the conviction record of over 14,000 adopted sons to that of their biological and adoptive parents. The results of this study demonstrated that the criminal record of adopted parents (environmental factors) has a minimal effect on adopted children.In sharp contrast to this, if biological parents were convicted and not the adoptive parents, 20% of the adopted sons were also convicted. Such studies clearly show that the influence of absent genetic parents is significantly higher tha n the influence of environmental parents who may be very much present. Interestingly though, the inherited tendencies have been seen to come into play in this study only in regard to property crime and not in violent crime.It has also been noticed that the adoptee was more likely to commit a crime if the biological mother had a criminal record. Here the theory is that since women are less prone to crime than men, if a woman has committed a crime she must have had a stronger genetic compulsion to do so, which her biological son was more likely to inherit despite him being brought up far away from her. In another study of similar nature, psychologists studied the records of 862 adopted men who were born out of wedlock in Stockholm between 1930 and 1949.After extensive, meticulous and painstaking investigations into a slew of wide variety of records and data sources, information was compiled on the patterns of criminality, alcohol abuse, and medical problems, among other things, in the individuals as well as both in their biological and adoptive parents. The majority of the adoptees came from a genetic background that did not involve crime, were adopted into families with no taint of crime, and expectedly themselves displayed no criminal tendencies.But various comparisons and analyses associated with the remaining data has shown that both genes and the environment had an effect in determining criminal behavior of the adoptees. However, on the whole, genes seemed to play a far more powerful role than environmental factors. Considering those children that were placed in regular non-criminal homes, a child from a genetically criminal background was four times more likely than a child from normal background to turn out as a criminal.Nonetheless, it must be noted here that criminal behavior of the adoptees could rarely be directly associated with the supposed criminal genes, and most often there was a crucial interaction between genes and environmental factors, which seems to be very much necessary in instigating criminal behavior. Therefore while crime is a sociological concept and a number of determinants of criminal behavior are socioeconomic factors, there is a clear genetic component to crime which manifests in such personality traits as cognitive skills, impulsivity, sensation seeking, aggressivenss and hyperactivity (Millon, Simonsen, & Birket-Smith 1998).Conclusion Today, it is generally believed that forces of both heredity and environment have a huge role to play in shaping up the character and psychological profile of any individual, though it cannot be easily ascertained to which degree one can override the other when both of them are in some kind of conflict. Adding to this complexity is the concept of free will in man.True human dignity can arise if only there is free will, which can allow us to intelligently choose the best from both our heredity and environment, and voluntarily reject, or at least try to reject, those aspects whi ch may not be conducive to the optimal expression of our potential. However, since the levels of intelligence are variable in humans, there may be no simply universal answer which can enlighten us on the general motive forces behind human behavior.Free will, nature and nurture may all be playing out in different ways in different individuals, depending on the caliber of their individual intelligence, and the force of their unique circumstances and hereditary influences. Even in case of criminals, there may be no valid sweeping generalities, in terms of free will, nature or nurture. Yet, in as much as we need to clearly pin down the responsibility of each criminal act, the role of nature and nurture in determining the criminal behavior has to be investigated at more depth and on a more urgent basis, than in the case of general human behavior. References: Butterfield, R. (2004). A Psychological Profile Into The Criminal Mind. Philadelphia. PA : Xlibris Corporation Ebstein R. & Belmaker R.H. (2002). Genetics of Sensation or Novelty Seeking and Criminal Behavior. In, The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior, ed. J. Glicksohn. pp.   51-80. Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers Eysenck H.J. Personality and Crime. (1998). The Case for Parental Licensure. In,   Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, ed. T. Millon et al. pp. 40-49. New York : The Guilford Press Ishikawa, S.S. & Raine A. (2002). Behavioral Genetics and Crime. In, The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior, ed. J. Glicksohn. pp.   27-50. Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers Lykken D.T. (1998). The Case for Parental Licensure. In,   Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, ed. T. Millon et al. pp. 122-144. New York : The Guilford Press Millon T, Simonsen, E. & Birket-Smith, M. (1998). Historical Conceptions of Psychopathy in the United States and Europe. In,   Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, ed. T. Millon et al. pp. 3-31. New York : The Guilford Press Steen R. G. (1996). DNA & Destiny: Nature & Nurture in Human Behavior. Cambridge, MA : Perseus Publishing Zuckerman M. (2002). Personality and Psychopathy: Shared Behavioral and Biological Traits. In, The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior, ed. J. Glicksohn. pp. 81-110. Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers

Free Essays on The Symbolic Nature Of Caves In E. M. Forster’s A Passage To India

A Passage to India, E. M. Forster’s best-known novel, illustrates the cultural dichotomy of Indian and British lifestyles in the age of imperialism. Perhaps one of the greatest incongruities in this dichotomy is the differing view of life held by the Christian, Muslim, and Hindu characters within the novel. Forster divides the novel into three sections – Mosque, Caves, and Temple. In each of these sections Forster addresses, albeit elusively, issues of spirituality and human existence. Forster’s symbolic elements within A Passage to India require the reader to contemplate the deeper issues of the human psyche. Perhaps the most important symbolic element within the novel – in both structure and theme – are the Marabar Caves. Here, deep within the recesses of the dark caves, the characters within the novel confront the deepest recesses of the unconscious mind. A Passage to India begins in the city of Chandrapore in British ruled India, a location best known for its proximity to the famous Marabar Caves. The most crucial events in the novel take place within the caves, and characters such as Mrs. Moore and Adela must face their deepest inner fears because of the events that occur within the caves. In Part Two of the novel, aptly named Caves, Forster’s initial description of the geography of Marabar is rich with imagery that hints at deeper meaning: There is something unspeakable in these outposts. They are like nothing else in the world, and a glimpse of them makes the breath catch. They rise abruptly, insanely, without the proportion that is kept by the wildest hills elsewhere, they bear no relation to anything dreamt or seen. To call them â€Å"uncanny† suggests ghosts, and they are older than all spirit. (Forster 136) Forster subtly evokes feelings of spirituality and solemnity, ideas that foreshadow later events in the novel. Yet, Forster departs sharply from these mystical images in the passage tha... Free Essays on The Symbolic Nature Of Caves In E. M. Forster’s A Passage To India Free Essays on The Symbolic Nature Of Caves In E. M. Forster’s A Passage To India A Passage to India, E. M. Forster’s best-known novel, illustrates the cultural dichotomy of Indian and British lifestyles in the age of imperialism. Perhaps one of the greatest incongruities in this dichotomy is the differing view of life held by the Christian, Muslim, and Hindu characters within the novel. Forster divides the novel into three sections – Mosque, Caves, and Temple. In each of these sections Forster addresses, albeit elusively, issues of spirituality and human existence. Forster’s symbolic elements within A Passage to India require the reader to contemplate the deeper issues of the human psyche. Perhaps the most important symbolic element within the novel – in both structure and theme – are the Marabar Caves. Here, deep within the recesses of the dark caves, the characters within the novel confront the deepest recesses of the unconscious mind. A Passage to India begins in the city of Chandrapore in British ruled India, a location best known for its proximity to the famous Marabar Caves. The most crucial events in the novel take place within the caves, and characters such as Mrs. Moore and Adela must face their deepest inner fears because of the events that occur within the caves. In Part Two of the novel, aptly named Caves, Forster’s initial description of the geography of Marabar is rich with imagery that hints at deeper meaning: There is something unspeakable in these outposts. They are like nothing else in the world, and a glimpse of them makes the breath catch. They rise abruptly, insanely, without the proportion that is kept by the wildest hills elsewhere, they bear no relation to anything dreamt or seen. To call them â€Å"uncanny† suggests ghosts, and they are older than all spirit. (Forster 136) Forster subtly evokes feelings of spirituality and solemnity, ideas that foreshadow later events in the novel. Yet, Forster departs sharply from these mystical images in the passage tha...

buy custom New Computer System essay

buy custom New Computer System essay This proposal is about getting the managements approval to install a new computer system. The current computer system is used for database management system that keeps track of the changing information in the company. It contains information about clients, employees, suppliers, and business transactions. The system is also used to manage mathematical calculations on large numerical data. The database enables the staff make strategic decisions, which utilize artificial intelligence. The current system in use is not able to meet the workload demands. The system had been coping well in the past. However, the company has witnessed a growth directly proportional to the workload. Before, the margin error was minimal but it has increased with the workload. It is becoming a challenge to meet the needs of our workforce and that of the clients. In addition, the system is incompatible to the new modern programs hence slowing down the entire working process. We have repaired the system several times, which have cost a lot to the department. The computer is very old; getting spare parts is proving to be a daunting task. Peripheral equipment from new manufacturers cannot operate when matched with our old brand. Modern systems have come up which are faster and able to accommodate the increased workload. They also reduce the time spent on a piece of work. It is in realization of the increased workload in the information system department that the staff has decided to make this request. Thorough searching of the market has revealed that the total cost of upgrading the current system is more than 50% of the cost of getting a new system. Furthermore, there are new technologies of redeeming all the data from the old system without losing any vital information. The present system can also be disposed off at a fee to e-waste companies hence there will no worry on where to take the old system. Buy custom New Computer System essay

Ultimate Dimension and Ultimate Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ultimate Dimension and Ultimate Reality - Essay Example This source is known as ultimate reality, defined as the true state of how things are. It offers the standard for measuring the nature of man and reality in relation to Him or It. The norm for a person’s understanding of divine reality is linked to the norms of meaning in manly structures of apprehension, as well as, the self-affirming norm that is given in a religious setting. Enlightenment or revelation is achieved when the inner norm of a religious background and a person’s normative structure of meaning come together (The Gale Group). Regarding ultimate reality in Christianity, Christians believe that God exists as the Father; he reveals himself as both triune and personal. He has no beginning or origin in a primeval impersonal essence. The term â€Å"person† was initially used in Greece as a term for actors’ mask. Nonetheless, in Christian theology, each person on the Holy Trinity has fullness in the divine nature. The Ultimate Reality ontological cha racter is defined by relation and reality that is between the three. This means that, the Holy Trinity is not a tri-theism (sum of three Gods) or a monopersonal God that takes the modalistic heresy (assuming the three distinct forms successively). God as a being is not outside the three as described in the Holy Trinity. God only exists as the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit; therefore, there is no Ultimate Reality above or beyond the Holy Trinity. None of the three should be taken as some type of god like the Hindu Ishvara, which refers to a first manifestation of the Brahman personalization. The accent, in defining divinity, must be taken from Ultimate Reality impersonal view to the individual character of the Holy Trinity, including the relation that exists between the three. God exists through omniscience, omnipotence and love, characterized by perfect harmony and unity (The Gale Group). The Holy Trinity is characterized by perfect love, will or deed; therefore, none manifests it self by infringing on the other. In the Bible, God does not show Ultimate Reality that goes beyond himself. He is not a God that comes and goes or is situated far outside the impersonal absolute. 2. Cultural Dimension of Religion Cultural dimensions refer to a number of value constructs or psychological dimensions that can be used in the description of a culture. There is always an element of symbolism in every religion, and since symbolism is the centre of culture, it means religion has a crucial cultural dimension. Nonetheless, religion is also made up of status and power relations just like the rest of social institutions. Frederick Streng suggests that the cultural dimension of any religion is linked to historical conditions. During the time of Jesus, Rome had imposed many aspects of its culture on the world of Jesus at the time. However, the Semite nation has its own unique and long historical background. The Jewish people stuck to their religion despite being ruled by the Roma ns, for instance, they continued celebrating Passover and sustaining their sense of liberty. The Jews were offended with the way King Herod used Roman architecture to dictate the Roman way of life (Rabbi Eckstein). CITATION FOR QUESTION NO. 2 King heavily taxed the Jews to build an expanded Jerusalem Temple. These heavy taxes led to the disintegration of the family life in the land of Jews as addressed by Jesus in the Gospels. Jesus and the early church had to navigate their way through the uncertainties of imperial dominion during their time. The life of Muhammad as a child was a difficult one. Born in Mecca in 570 AD, Muhammad

Age Effect on M-Commerce Retail Customers Dissertation

Age Effect on M-Commerce Retail Customers - Dissertation Example The consumers are divided into two age groups: 18-35 and 36 and older. Using contingency theory and simple regression analysis the results are analysed for statistical significance of age. The results and implications for further research are discussed. Table of Contents Abstract 4 List of Abbreviations 6 Definition of Terms 7 Chapter One: Introduction to the Study 8 1.1.Background 8 1.2.Statement of the Problem 10 1.3.Purpose of the Study 13 1.4.Aim and Objectives 14 1.4.1 Aim 14 1.4.2. Objectives 14 1.5.Research Questions 15 1.6.Hypotheses 15 1.7.Research Methodology 16 1.7.1.Research Instruments 17 1.7.2.Limitations and Delimitations 18 1.7.3.Assumptions 19 1.9.Organization of the Study 21 1.10.Chapter Summary 22 Chapter Two: Literature Review 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. M-Commerce: Mobile Networks, Services and Applications 23 2.3. M-Commerce and the Retail Sector 29 2.3.1. The Retail Sector 29 2.3.2. The Retail Sector and M-Commerce 31 2.4. M-Commerce and Consumer Trends Worldw ide 37 2.5. Consumer Adaptability, Acceptance and Attitudes Toward M-Commerce 42 2.5.1. Adaptability 42 2.5.2. Acceptance 50 2.5.3. Attitudes 59 2.6. Themes in the Literature 62 2.6.1. History, Development and Trends in M-Commerce Use Globally 62 2.6.1.1. Retail 62 2.6.1.2. Consumer Trends 65 2.6.2. M-Commerce and Consumer Adaptability, Acceptance and Attitudes: Previous Studies 66 2.6.2.1. Adaptability 66 2.6.2.2. Acceptance 69 2.6.2.3. Attitudes 71 2.7. Summary 71 Chapter Three: Research Methodology 73 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Contingency Theory 73 3.3. Research Philosophy 75 3.4. Research Methods 77 3.4.1. Data Collection 79 3.4.2. Data Analysis 85 3.5. Trustworthiness 88 3.6. Ethical Considerations 90 3.7. Summary 92 Chapter Four: Results and Analysis 93 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Results 93 4.3. Analysis 104 1.11.Aim and Objectives 133 1.4.1 Aim 133 1.4.2. Objectives 133 1.12.Research Questions 134 1.13.Hypotheses 135 1.14.Statement of the Problem 138 1.15.Purpose of the Study 141 1.16.Aim and Objectives 141 1.4.1 Aim 141 1.4.2. Objectives 142 List of Abbreviations B2C: Business to Consumer IT: Information Technologies LAN: Local Area Network PB: Perceived Benefits PU: Perceived Usefulness PEOU: Perceived Ease of Use TAM: Technology Acceptance Model TPB: Theory of Planned Behavior TRA: Theory of Reasoned Action WAP: Wireless Application Protocol Definition of Terms E-commerce: Selling and purchasing goods and services via electronic platforms. Interoperability: Diverse systems working together for one common goal. M-Commerce: Wireless of mobile transaction involving transfers of funds. M-Payments: Method for making payments via mobile or wireless devices. Chapter One: Introduction to the Study 1.1. Background A number of different mobile wireless devices and services are now available and range from mobile telephone networks to wireless local area networks (LANs). These kinds of devices and services are encapsulated by mobile commerce, more broadly known as m-commerce (Liu & Chen, 2009). M-commerce is a branch of e-commerce and as such is defined as any monetary or economic transaction performed by use of a mobile wireless device or by â€Å"wireless technology†, by at least one of the parties to the transaction (Mohpatra, 2013, p. 81). Bidgoli (2011) simplifies the definition of m-commerce by defining it as a â€Å"new market are created by web-enabled mobile phone services†

Marketing Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Theory - Term Paper Example Keeping in mind the concept of marketing theories and techniques, the establishment and operation of a new business venture would be discussed. The new business venture selected for this study is a book store. 1.2 Business Idea: Book Store The new business idea that has been considered for this study is a book store that would be set in California. The name of the book store would be â€Å"Book Worm†. However, setting up a business requires following the marketing theories and utilizing the strategies. In this section of the study, specification related to the new venture has been stated. 1.2.1 Mission and Objectives Book Worm’s mission is to offer quality books at the lowest possible price to the customers in California. The company would additionally allow customers to exchange old books and projects or assignments for their requirement (books, CDs and magazines). In order to attain this mission of the company, the objective of Book Worm would be: To offer hassle free purchase of new as well as second hand books, assignments and magazines at an affordable cost. To offer the students every university books and reading materials those are important to them at least possible price To offer online shopping experience to the customers along with the store To offer home delivery of products ordered within a specific area To attend break even in business within an year of commencing business To generate positive revenue at least after 4-6 months of inception To gain considerable amount of goodwill in comparison to the other competitors in the market (Ahmed 30-43). 1.2.2 Products and Services Book Worm will offer products as well as services. The products will range from text books (new as well as second-hand) for purchase, class notes, text books, audio book CDs on rent, etc. The text books available would include fiction and non-fiction books, subjects like business, physics, accounting, management, marketing, engineering and many more would be availa ble. These products would be available through the store of Book Worm. However, services like information regarding textbooks or class notes for rent or sale, web links for assignments, or solved assignments would be available for sale on the website of Book Worm. Book Worm would be offering a wholesome academic assistance to the students (Barkema and Vermeulen 7-26). 1.2.3 Suppliers Suppliers have a major role to play in the marketing environment because they are one of the integral players in the supply chain. Book Worm would be selecting the book wholesalers in California to avail the books for the customers. The second hand books or old class notes and assignment can be procured from the students, so they will play the role of suppliers in this case. However, as the business grows in terms of size and revenue, Book Worm can also directly procure books from the publishers and their stockists (Belin and Pham 44-50). II: MARKET ANALYSIS This section of the study plays a major role in the discussion of marketing theory because

Managing Team Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Managing Team Conflicts Essay Why do you think that Carly didn’t come to you sooner to discuss the project delays? Carly didn’t come sooner to discuss the problem delays with the supervisor because of the affective conflict that arises between her and Morris (Team Conflict: How to Manage it, n.p.). Truly, it is quite undesirable to present â€Å"human conflict† as a reason in the delay of a certain project. It is obvious that Carly was threatened by the wits that Morris have. Since Morris obtained a higher level degree than Carly, the manager seems to be insecure about her status. She sees Morris as a competitor in her position and not as a member of the team. 2. Why do you think Carly hasn’t had a conversation with Morris, or vice versa, about their differences? How do you think each of them would respond to this type of conversation? Explain. Both person (Carly and Morris) did not initiated to have a conversation regarding their differences because both parties are afraid that upon the conduct of their conversation, they might not be able to work on and come out with the proper solution to address the problem. On the conduct of the conversation, they may reach a point that both of them would be in denial regarding the delay of the project. Both people possess different personality and dealing with their differences might be a critical approach to be done. Carly, being insecure with the wits that Morris have, might put all the blame on the latter mentioned person. On the other hand, if Carly would over impose her power in the conversation, the immediate reaction of Morris would be to defend his self and try to make Carly realize that she also has a fault regarding the problem. What would happen in this conversation is that, both parties would tend to throw off their own defence regarding themselves thus, rather than solving the problem of conflict, the outcome could be to worsen the situation. What is the biggest problem with the way these team members interact? What could they do to remedy the problem? Explain. The biggest problem with these team members is that they do not know on how to deal with their own differences. Differences in terms of personality as stated above is just but common in a team. Such differences could be positively or negatively affect the team. In the case given, Carly and Morris chooses to embrace the negative side thus, bringing the project to a delay. Communication is the element that is missing in the case presented. Communicating in a constructive manner would give each person a chance to express his thoughts and ideas clearly and directly. Coupled with his expression of thoughts, respect (for each other and for the work of the team) should also be reflected (Ten Qualities of an Effective Team Player, 2005, n.p.). The scenario being pictured out in the case is that Morris seems to be tongue tied to express his thoughts while Carly is too much dominating in expressing her thoughts, thus the communication process is not working well. Another element that is lacking in the case is the quality of active listening. In order for a team to function effectively and meet its goals, every member should be a good listener. Every member should consider and listen to the ideas of other team members and should avoid biased reaction regarding the proposed ideas. Arguing or debating every idea presented would not do any help (Ten Qualities of an Effective Team Player, 2005, n.p.). Members should also be prepared and willing to hear and accept criticisms. It would be better if one would listen first and then react to have an effective conversation and get things settled. Firmness of thought is important as a team player, but one should make her mind open to what other members has to offer. Do you think Carly should continue to serve as Project Manager? Explain. Yes, Carly should continue to serve as Project Manager but she should first change her attitude in handling the job. She should note that she is part of the team. Although she has a higher position compared to the other members, it is not right to over used this power because of being threatened by others wits and guts. As a project manager she must be confident in her own capability and sees the ability of other members of the team as an asset and not as a threat. She should reassess her self and avoid being a problem-blamer. She should not look for others to fault but instead, she should look at the problems that arise as a common thing that occurs in a team. Being regarded as the project manager, she should address problems (not create problems) and bring this out for discussion with other members of the team (Ten Qualities of an Effective Team player, 2005, n.p.). Upon doing such, she would be most likely to find the right solutions for the problem. Though Carly obviously has a fault on the delay of the project, she should continue to work on as the project manager because she was given that job and trusting her that job means that she is knowledgeable enough and rightly fitted for it. 5. How would you begin to address this situation? Come up with a plan to remedy this problem and outline a plan for getting the project back on track for the January 1 release. The first action had been done, that is to talk with the persons involve in the conflict as well as with other team members. The next step would be to review to the team regarding their purpose and goal. I would be emphasizing on their role as a team in achieving the targeted goal and meet the targeted deadline. I would preferably design a team building activity that would reunite them and develop their working ability as a team. I would consistently remind them that there is no â€Å"I† in a team and that presence of conflicts is inevitable. I would also relay to them the essence of conflict management. Rules in order to lessen conflict would be implemented incorporating processes or behaviours that the group will be allowed or prohibited (Team Conflict: How to Manage it, n.p.). The following will serve as a guide in getting the project back on track for the January 1 release: Conduct Team building activity Relaying the concept of conflict and conflict management. Assess the characteristics of members in position. Assess the overall coordination of the team. Project Plan Guide Review the goal and extent of the project. Identify weaknesses and strengths in the conduct of the project. Retain strengths and address the weaknesses. Strategic Planning for the Completion of the Project Address conflict in the workplace. Set timeframe and task to be completed within a week and make sure that all materials to be used would be provided (How to Organize Successful Project Teams, n.p.). Constantly check and collaborate with the team regarding the progress of the project Acknowledge the team’s effort upon the completion of the assigned task. References AllBusiness.com, Inc. (2005, August 12). Ten Qualities of an Effective Team Player. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-team-building/8516-3.html How to Organize Successful Project Teams. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.ehow.com/how_2156392_organize-successful-project-teams.html Team Conflict: How to Manage it. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.chumans.com/skills3.htm.

The Politics Of Secularism In India

The Politics Of Secularism In India Secularism in India has always been more of a political than a philosophical phenomenon. Secularism may be one of the basic features of the Preamble but its validity as one of the basic features of the Constitution and its practicability in Indian society is questionable. There is an increasing use of religion in the social construction of ethnic and communal identity which is made the basis for the articulation of common economic interests and political mobilization. There is also the construction of a pan Indian Hindu consciousness that cuts across caste and regional divisions. While secularism has been integral to Indias democracy for more than 50 years, its limitations implementations are indeed matters of acrimonious debate even to this day. Discussions on the place of religious community in Indian society have turned on the opposition of secularism communalism and of modernity tradition. Secularism is unalterably linked with modernity, but the ideal of equal respect for all religions has not been translated into social reality, and the end result is something termed as pseudo-secularism. Modernity was characterized by the emergence of public, civic and privatized religious entities, concepts of a liberal democracy and a nation state, and the secularized individual who is unfettered by ascriptive identities. But such a trajectory of human development and social transformation required an understanding of humanity that was fundamentally ahistorical. Both the Round Table Conferences as well as the Constituent Assembly Debates struggled with the dilemma of formulating a liberal democracy for people who had historically been represented, and in turn came to represent themselves, as determined by the ascriptive identities of sect and caste.  [1]  Whenever critiquing secularism, the question of caste has always been sidelined by the preoccupation with religion. But the politics of secularism in India is integrally reliant and revolves around the co-optation of untouchables into an upper caste Hindu identity. The crucial fact that needs to be clarified is that, rather th an being distinct from the categories of community and caste, nationalism and communalism, liberalism and democracy, Indian secularism emerged as the nexus of all of these.  [2]   The Indian Constitution has spelt out several provisions regarding the secular state even before the term secularism was introduced into the Preamble of the Constitution in 1976. Articles 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 325 all incorporate the principles of 1. Freedom of religion to individuals as well as to religions. 2. Equality of citizenship and no discrimination on grounds of religion. 3. Separation of State from religion. It is evident that the intention of the Constitution is neither to oppose religion nor to promote a rationalization of culture, but merely to maintain the neutrality and impartiality of the state in matters of religion. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 stated that Secular means a republic in which there is equal respect for all religions, but the Supreme Court of India has been interpreting secularism in the Constitution differently over the years in its various judgments. To examine the vicissitudes of the Indian experiment with secularism, one needs to understand that there is a dichotomy in Indian society- Firstly, the political society comprising parties, movements, non party political formations which channelise popular demands through a form of mobilization termed as democracy- and secondly the civil society for whom the affirmation of secularism has been through the state and its institutions, schools, universities and the English media. In Indian society, the merits of secularism have been familiarized only by the academy and intellectual circles (civil society) whereas Hindu communal history has pervaded the streets and common sense (political society).  [3]   The relations between state, society and religion are not well defined, personal laws vary with religious communities, the precarious position of religious minorities, the affiliations of political formations with religious fundamentalists, increasing importance of the Hindu and more importantly the Hindutva philosophies pose severe challenges to the success and future of secularism in India.  [4]  It must be conceded that secularism in India today is too politicized and statist acting as an ideology of the state and an instrument of power. It is necessary to find ways to depoliticize secularism and to move it further into the domain of civil society. The project will put forward and comparatively analyze both the Gandhian and Nehruvian approaches to understanding secularism, the way secularism has been interpreted by the judiciary at times even contravening constitutional provisions, and finally the researcher will attempt to discuss whether a coexistence of democracy and secularism can be successful in a diverse and plural society like that of ours. Through the research paper, the researcher attempts to advocate the following: Secular means a Republic in which there is equal respect for all religions In the light of this remark, comparatively analyze the Nehruvian and the Gandhian understanding of the concept of secularism? Referring to the Constituent Assembly Debates 1946-1950, and landmark Supreme Court Cases, discuss the changing perceptions to the concept of secularism and whether such decisions have been a reflection of the Nehruvian or the Gandhian understanding? Can Secularism in India survive the functioning of democracy where the will of the majority is imposed on the minority and their consent is gained by a mere strength in numbers? Chapter 1. Secularism: Nehruvian Understanding Vs. Gandhian Understanding. Religion, Nehru wrote to Gandhi in 1933, is not familiar ground for me, as I have grown older I have definitely drifted away from it. I have something else in its place, something older than just intellect and reason, which gives me strength and hope. Apart from this indefinable and indefinite urge, which may just have a tinge of religion in it yet is wholly different from it, I have grown entirely to rely on the workings of the mind. Perhaps they are weak supports to rely upon, but, search as I will, I can see no better ones  [5]   Gandhis use of the term secular in relation to the state is such as may, in contemporary political discourse, be described as Nehruvian.Likewise, Nehrus positions on the definition of the Indian nation are the same as Gandhis.  [6]  That is, Gandhi does not attach any meaning to the term secular that would have been unacceptable to or unintelligible to Nehru.  [7]  Both possessed a remarkable steadfastness of faith. Even though they had strong mutual synergies on vital issues, nonetheless there was a creative tension in the Gandhi-Nehru relationship.  [8]  Gandhi and Nehru had differences. Gandhis religiosity and non violent principles was not shared by Nehru. Although he opposed the concept of theocratic statehood, Gandhi strongly advocated the importance of religious ethics in political practice. Perhaps no single leader has succeeded to the same extent as Gandhi in terms of effectively appealing to the Indian masses from all walks of life.  [9]   Gandhi expressed the opinion that the state should undoubtedly be secular.  [10]  It could never promote denominational education out of public funds. Everyone living in it should be entitled to profess his religion without hindrance, so long as the citizen obeyed the common law of the land. There should be no interference with missionary effort, but no mission could enjoy the patronage of the state as it did during the foreign regime.  [11]  This understanding came subsequently to be reflected in Articles 25, 26 and 27 of the Constitution. . In the last years of Gandhis life, a withdrawal from the political sphere to that of private moral experimentation is evident. . Unlike Gandhi, Nehru was hurled into the ruckus of politics, in command of a state, the most powerful structured concentration of modern instrumental reason that exists. He subjected Gandhis principle to scrutiny could the principle of non-violence make sense in politics, where governments are notoriously based on violence which is indeed the very lifeblood of the modern state. Nehruvian secularism was characterized by an equal contempt for all religions. Secularism as an element of modernity, required therefore a non-discriminatory rejection of all religions and all religiosity from public, as distinct from private, affirmation. Nehru was neither irreligious nor antireligious but his approach to religion was influenced by 3 basic assumptions of humanist liberal tradition- individualism, rationalism and universalism. Nehrus secularism meant freedom of religion and conscience, including freedom for those who have no religion, subject only to their not interfering with the basic con ceptions of our state. Nehru envisaged for India a secularist programme that gave religion little role in national affairs. Nehrus political wisdom was based on a theory of democracy, socialism, secularism and non-alignment. His strategy lay in an all-out attack on those forces that threatened disunity: provincialism, separatism, communalism and above all casteism. He could claim credit for making democratic secularism Indias pathway to the modern world. In his opinion Indias encounter with the Wests humanism, skepticism, and its ascendant science and technology, demanded a radical evaluation of all that India knew and was, and in that effort Indias outstanding religious heritage must correspondingly bear the strain of the encounter because in the final analysis the encounter of civilizations is a matter of spiritual discernment and active exchange.  [12]  Nehru was acutely aware and reflected expansively on the meaning of religion in the history of Indian civilization, but interestingly he was far from attempting a philosophy of religion but talked about religion in an anecdotal fashion, allowing others to distil from his remarks a refined Nehruvian theory of religion.  [13]   To summarise, analogous to post modernitys concern with immediacy and the present-Gandhi was a relentless explorer of immediacy- immediate needs, immediate means, immediate ends. In a very short span of time Gandhi introduced new themes in Indian politics with mass effect. But throughout his long career as a political thinker and activist, Gandhi encountered the dilemma of either remaining faithful to his non-violent principles and risking the failure of the Indian nationalist movement, or focusing at the seizure of political power at the expense of his moral message. Nehrus writings reveal full awareness on his part of the need to strengthen nationalism and democracy in a multireligious society characterized by arrested development while his style of functioning is an acknowledgement of the limitations under which he had to work.  [14]  A point that deserves mention is that Nehru did not intervene even once in the discussions on the clauses related to religious freedom in the constitution assembly debates. An in depth analysis of Nehruvian philosophy reflects his strong belief that the crucial choice for society is not between a fixed present and a proposed innovation, but more importantly it is concerned with an uncritical abandonment and structural engagement. The essence of Nehruvian philosophy lies in his intellectual and political understanding, in his struggles trying to base public life on a reasoned morality.  [15]  When dwelling on the thought provoking question of whether secularism has a future in India or not, the Nehruvian analysis regarding the parallel streams of the material and the spiritual which he identified as the fundamental matrix of life, for persons and civilizations alike, seems particularly relevant even to this day. Chapter 2. Secularism: Constituent Assembly Debates Landmark Cases. Constituent Assembly Debates [1946-50]: A look into the Constituent Assemblys debates clearly reveals that the general understanding amongst members of the assembly was that India was to be a secular state. They have emphasized the secular foundation of the Indian state. They also declare that secularism as adopted in the Indian constitution is not an anti-religious concept; rather it prevents discrimination against the citizens on the basis of religion. According to H V Kamath, When I say that a state should not identify itself with any particular religion, I do not mean that a state should be anti-religious or irreligious. India would be a secular state but according to me a secular state is neither a godless state nor an irreligious nor an anti-religious state. During the debate in the Constituent Assembly, Prime Minister Nehru declared that secularism was an ideal to be achieved and that the establishment of a secular state was an act of faith  [16]  . It is unfortunate that he failed to identify what faith the faith that he was referring to actually meant and in an unfortunate turn of events and circumstances it has been progressively interpreted by the courts to mean the Hindu faith. The dominant position on secularism that a democratic Constitution find place for religion as a way of life for most Indians triumphed over those who wished for the Assembly to grant only a narrow right to religious freedom, or to make the uniform civil code a fundamental right.  [17]   The crucial questions that arose by way of discussions in these debates were: Was a state secular only when it stayed strictly away from religion, and could such a secular state survive only if society was secularised as well? Did a state that equally respected all religions best capture the meaning of secularism in the Indian context? How could a democratic state represent a religious majority at the expense of the rights and liberties of a minority? The issue of religious freedom and secularism was discussed in the light of three alternative theoretical positions: The no-concern theory of secularism saw a definite line of separation between religion and state. Given the principles of religious liberty and freedom of expression, it was up to the individual to decide whether to be a believer or not, or to adhere to this religion or that.  [18]  Based on a doctrine of intolerance it confined religion to the private realm. This approach led to a conception of a secular state as one that stays away from religion per se. India was engaged in creating a modern nation state and in this enterprise, religion which seemed to be an obscurantist and divisive force, had no place. The second position was that no links between the state and religion should be permitted, not because it would weaken the state, but it would demean religion. Religion could not be made subject to the whims of changing majorities by allowing the democratic state to intervene in religious affairs.  [19]   The third position termed as the equal respect theory began with the principle of religious liberty, but held that in a society like India where religion is integrally related to the lives of the people, the state should not stay away from all religions equally but that it respects all religions alike. Thus it is evident the in these Constituent Assembly Debates the main issues of contention were: Whether the right to religious freedom should be the right to religious worship or to religious practice; Whether the state should recognise only linguistic minorities or religious minorities as well; The dispute over the Uniform Civil Code, over political reservation of religious minorities; Whether there should be religious instruction in state-aided schools. What is finally reflected in the articles of the constitution is a broad definition of the right to religion as the right to religious practice, but nonetheless there were no political safeguards for the religious minorities. Landmark Cases In Sardar Taheruddin Syedna Sahib v. State of Bombay  [20]  , the apex court claimed that Art. 25 26 serve to emphasize the secular nature of the Indian democracy which the founding fathers considered to be the very basis of the Constitution. Although in Kesavananda Bharati case, it was declared that secularism was a part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution, but interestingly a year later in St. Xaviers College Society v. State of Gujarat  [21]  , Supreme Court ruled that it was only by implication that the Constitution envisaged a Secular State.  [22]  For the first time there seemed to be an apparent contradiction between the judicially constructed concept of secularism and that in the text of the Constitution. In 1976 the court adopted a more philosophical and utilitarian approach in the Ziyauddin Bukhari  [23]  case. In the S.R. Bommai  [24]  case it was reasserted that secularism was a part of the Basic Structure and that it was based on principles of accommodation and tolerance. Herein what is evident is a euphemistic approach an espousal of a soft secularism.  [25]  In this case it was ruled that The State has the duty to ensure secularism by duty or by executive order. It is the duty of the court to bring every errant political party in line if it goes against secular ideals like casteism and religious antagonisms Jus. Ramaswamy. The State has the power to legislate on religion including personal laws under Art.44 and secular affairs of places of worship Jus. Jeevan Reddy. If a political party indirectly espouses a religious cause, it will be considered unconstitutional Jus. Agrawal. It is interesting to note that the Court withdrew from most of these commitments in the subsequent years. In the Ramjanmabhoomi case, the court went on to elaborate on secularism in terms of Indian scriptures thereby going back to the Gandhian Sarva Dharma Sambhava tolerance of all religions. In resorting to religious scriptures the court seems to have rejected the western concept of secularism of separation of church and state as propounded in S.R. Bommai case and has gone back to initial approach of equating secularism with tolerance and the fact that state has the power to take over any religious place.  [26]   Lastly with reference to the latest Hindutva judgements  [27]  the court enunciated, contrary to the Bommai decision that a speech with a secular stance alleging discrimination against any particular religion cannot be treated as an appeal on the ground of religion . Moreover the court seemed to have conveniently shifted its stance to uphold the constitutional duty to get political parties in line with secularism and most importantly it equated Hinduism and Hindutva with Indianisation and are not to be construed in a narrow sense. Thus what is clearly evident is the lack of consistency in these abovementioned Court decisions. The court has mostly stuck to secularism not being a wall between the church and the state but a sense of toleration between people of different religions. There have been frequent deviations from the Bommai decision, but it seems that the Ramjanmabhoomi case encapsulates the essence of Indian secularism toleration based on tradition. The Hindutva judgements reassert the recognition and increasing importance of the essential Hindu identity of tradition.  [28]   Clearly the judiciary in India is a significant site where contests under the banner of secularism have been taking place over the last sixty odd years. Though landmark judgements of the apex court of the nation has been interpreting secularism in the Constitution differently over the years in its various judgments  [29]  reiterating the fact that secularism is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution and that secularism involves liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship, even though secularism as a term appears in very few Supreme Court judgements yet it is evident that a crisis of secularism indeed exists in the worlds largest and most fractious democracy. With reference to the Constituent Assembly debates and the landmark cases the following interesting observations can be deduced: When discussing the concept of religious freedom in the Debates, there arose a paradox- it is precisely some of the advocates of a broad right to religious freedom who were also the most vociferous opponents of any political rights for religious minorities. The no-concern and equal-respect positions on secularism clashed constantly during the debates in the Constituent Assembly as the question of secularism cropped up in discussions about innumerable articles. The distinction between tolerance and secularism has never been made by the Indian judiciary. The apex court conveniently avoids exact direct mention of the word secular in its various prior judgements eg. Kesavananda Bharati case. A valid argument could be that the Supreme Court has not directly addressed the issue of secularism for the simple adjectival reason that it is a thorny issue with also the Constitution being suitably ambiguous would never permit a justifiable interpretation. The interpretation by the court reflects the interpretation of the Constitution which society is more likely to accept. As opposed to the prior cases such as Kesavananda Bharati and S.R.Bommai , post the Hindutva cases, the line of thinking of the Court has gradually been inclined towards secularism being tolerance based on tradition but the interpretation of tolerance is more in terms of grudging accommodation than wholehearted notions of acceptance. What is most extraordinary about the courts reasoning, from a strictly legal point of view, is that it can draw such an unequivocal conclusion as to the meaning of Hindutva without having cited virtually any authorities-judicial or otherwise in its support. Even when the apex court has addressed the issue of secularism it has not been uniform in its judgements. On the one hand it has effectively legitimized the Hindu Rights understanding of secularism and supported its nonsecular agenda, but on the other hand it has also in no uncertain terms condemned the practices of several members of the Hindu Right. Thus the decision given by the court in the Hindutva cases is a contradictory one, wherein it has both condemned as well as condemned the Hindu Right. Chapter 3. Secularism Democracy: A Misunderstood Relation. Sixty years ago, 565 princely states and 13 British-ruled states became united into one sovereign nation, with a secular democracy as its Constitutions primary guiding principle. In our country, eight major religious communities co-exist ,namely the Hindus(82%), Muslims(12.12%), Christians(2.6%), Sikhs(2%), Buddhists(0.7%), Jains(0.4%), Parsis(0.3%) and Jews(0.1%). The single-most defining element of the Indian democracy is the acceptance of all religions in the nations Constitution, granting explicit freedom to all its citizens and residents to practice their faiths without violating the others right to do so. It is from this explicit freedom that citizens experience other freedoms necessary to realize their lives. In stark contrast to some 90 percent of Asian nations, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, India guarantees that right. A state that arises from democracy need not be strictly secular. Democracies are perfectly capable of giving an important role to religion in the affairs of the state. It is the problem of aggregation that is of utmost importance. A democratic state will tend to reflect in its own makeup the complexity of the individuals it represents.  [30]   The challenge facing the theorists of Indian secularism is therefore to devise an answer to the problem of intolerant religions. If one or more religions in a pluralistic society preach their unwillingness to co-exist with the others, and insist on religion as the unitary framework for individual, society, and state, how do we define a secular regime for such societies? No viable model of secularism can be built on terms defined by any one religious group even if it is the majority community, especially so since its mode of toleration has historically included absorption, subjugation and marginalisation of religious minorities. The Indian democracy provides mechanisms, available in a secular democracy, to temper extremism and intolerance inherent in most religions; it leads diverse religious communities, especially the Hindu majority, to accept that the well being of all human beings consists in respecting the others religious and civil rights, particularly that of minorities. Many critics  [31]  reject secularism as radically alien to Indian culture and tradition and advocate a return to genuine religion and the indigenous traditions of religious tolerance as the best means to preserve a pluralist and multireligious Indian society. On the contrary Nehruvian theory suggests that democracy would have never been possible in a non-secular India. Nehru claims that if democracy requires a minimum consensus about the basic values and institutions of society and the rules of the political game, then such a consensus could not have been built on a religious basis in a pluralist nation like India.  [32]  This fact is clearly reflected in the failure and subsequent removal of the communal electorate system in the wake of Indias independence. Whether India is a sufficiently secular state and whether circumstances are favourable for the survival of secularism depends ultimately upon the readiness and ability of its people to maintain an autonomous political community. The challenges of casteism, communalism and religious fundamentalism involving separatism in India are the major threats to our Secular state. They weaken the working and stability of our democratic secular Federal state and militate against the basic principles governing our national life and providing means to our new identity. Communal riots and caste carnage has to stop if India has to emerge as a secular and democratic polity. Large-scale communal riots broke out in India after the demolition of Babri Masjid by the Sangh Parivar in Ayodhya . Both Hindus and Muslims were killed in the communal backlash that followed. The attacks on Christians in Orissa and Gujarat made headlines in electronic and print media. The grouse of the Sangh Parivar is that the Muslims had demolished their temples, humiliated Hindus during Muslim rule and partitioned India and thus justified their animosity and attacks on Muslims. The Godhra and Post-Godhra incidents pointed to the absence of political sanity in Gujarat. Nothing could represent a more provocative insult to the national commitment to communal harmony and pluralist co-existence than Narendra Modis repeated taunts of the Muslim minority people of his own state, his insinuations that they are susceptible to the supposedly adventurous designs of Pakistan and his final desperate suggestion that if the opposition Congress wins the election, it would represent a victory for Pakistan. The terrorist attack on Indian Parliament on December 13,2001, was unprecedented not only in the history of India but also in the annals of democracy in the world. It manifests utter disregard and contempt for parliamentary democracy by Pakistan which only can boast of a military democracy. Thus it is evident that during the last 60 years of independence, India has witnessed both successes and failures in running the secular democratic processes. It has evolved a lasting secular constitution, a viable political system and a functional federal secular polity and with strong democratic traditions on the one hand, but on the other hand it has also garnered several communal riots and caste wars. However, it is politics, which proved to be divisive and not religion. It is not religious leaders by and large (with few exceptions) who divide but politicians who seek to mobilise votes on grounds of primordial identities like relig